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Suppressed Triplet Exciton Diffusion Due to Small Orbital Overlap as a Key Design Factor for Ultralong-Lived Room-Temperature Phosphorescence in Molecular Crystals

DOI:10.1002/adma.201807268 期刊:Advanced Materials 出版年份:2019 更新时间:2025-09-23 15:23:52
摘要: Persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) under ambient conditions is attracting attention due to its strong potential for applications in bioimaging, sensing, or optical recording. Molecular packing leading to a rigid crystalline structure that minimizes nonradiative pathways from triplet state is often investigated for efficient RTP. However, for complex conjugated systems a key strategy to suppress the nonradiative deactivation is not found yet. Here, the origin of small rates of a nonradiative decay process from triplet states of conjugated molecular crystals showing RTP is reported. Optical microscopy analysis showed that, despite a favorable molecular stacking, an aromatic crystal with strong RTP is characterized by small diffusion length and small values of the diffusion coefficient of triplet excitons. Quantum chemical calculations reveal a large overlap between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals but very small overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs). Inefficient electron exchange caused by the small overlap of HOMOs prevents triplet excitons from diffusing over long distances and consequently from quenching at defect sites inside the crystal or at the crystal surface. These results will allow design of comprehensive molecular structures to obtain molecular solids with more efficient RTP.
作者: Kaishi Narushima,Yasuhiro Kiyota,Takehiko Mori,Shuzo Hirata,Martin Vacha
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To investigate the origin of small nonradiative decay rates in conjugated molecular crystals exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence, focusing on the role of triplet exciton diffusion and molecular orbital overlaps.

The small triplet exciton diffusion coefficient in CzDClT crystals, caused by minimal overlap of highest occupied molecular orbitals, suppresses nonradiative quenching and enables persistent room-temperature phosphorescence. This insight provides a new design principle for developing efficient RTP materials by controlling molecular orbital overlaps to limit exciton diffusion.

The excitation intensity in microscopy measurements was higher than the saturation threshold for CzDClT, potentially leading to overestimation of diffusion length due to triplet-triplet annihilation effects. The study focused on specific crystals (CzDClT and rubrene), and results may not generalize to all molecular systems. Quantum chemical calculations rely on theoretical models and assumptions that may not fully capture real-world complexities.

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