研究目的
To propose a quantum image watermarking scheme based on two-bit superposition for embedding a watermark image into a carrier image to protect copyright.
研究成果
The proposed two-bit superposition watermarking methods effectively embed and extract watermark images with good robustness (around 37-38 dB PSNR) and visual quality, as confirmed by PSNR and histogram analyses. The schemes offer advantages in embedding capacity (2 qubits) and simplicity of quantum circuits. Future work could focus on implementing these methods on actual quantum hardware and testing against a wider range of attacks.
研究不足
The experiments are conducted on classical computers using simulations (MATLAB 2014b) due to the unavailability of practical quantum computers, which may not fully capture quantum effects. The robustness and performance are evaluated under specific noise conditions (salt and pepper noise), and the methods may have limitations in handling other types of attacks or larger image sizes.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The scheme involves quantum image processing using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation (NEQR) for image representation, bit-plane scrambling, quantum expansion, Fibonacci scrambling, and embedding methods using quantum gates like 1-CNOT and swap gates.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Watermark images (e.g., Barbara, Cameraman, Bank, Peppers) and carrier images of sizes 256x256 and 512x512 are used, sourced from standard image datasets.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
A classical computer with MATLAB 2014b software for simulation, as quantum computers are not available.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Steps include transforming images to quantum states via NEQR, applying bit-plane scramble, quantum expansion, Fibonacci scramble, embedding watermark using self-embedded or superimposed methods, and extracting watermark using inverse operations.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Analysis includes calculating PSNR for robustness and visual quality, and comparing image histograms using MATLAB simulations.
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