1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a solvent-free gas-phase covalent functionalization method to functionalize GO with amines (AP, AF, ODA) at 150–180°C for 2 hours. This method is ecological and avoids solvent contamination.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

GO powder from CheapTubes, Inc. (purity >99 wt%, sheet size 300–800 nm, thickness

3：7–2 nm, oxygen content 45–55 wt%) and amines from Sigma-Aldrich were used. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included FE-SEM (JEOL JSM-7001F), TEM (JEOL 4000 EX), PL spectrometer (SPEX 500M JOBIN YVON-HORIBA with He-Cd laser at 325 nm, 75 mW), Raman microscope (DXR Thermo scientific with 532 nm laser, 5 mW), FT-IR (NICOLET 6700), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 25). Materials included GO, amines, ethanol, and substrates.

4：5). Materials included GO, amines, ethanol, and substrates. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: GO and amine were mixed in a 1:1 w/w ratio, degassed at 100°C under vacuum, heated at specified temperatures for 2 hours, excess amine removed. Samples were characterized using FE-SEM, TEM, PL, Raman, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed to determine particle sizes, PL peak shifts, absorption spectra, and Raman shifts (e.g., ID/IG ratio) to assess defects and functionalization effects.