1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used infrared thermography and microwave imaging as non-destructive testing methods to detect simulated defects (holes, notches, inclusions) in sandwich panels with and without multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Active IR thermography involved heating the samples and measuring thermal responses, while microwave imaging used a vector network analyzer to measure reflection coefficients in the 8-20 GHz frequency band.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included foam-core sandwich panels made with bidirectional woven Kevlar fabrics, epoxy resin, and polymeric foam, with and without 0.5 wt% MWCNTs. Defects were artificially introduced into the foam core.

3：5 wt% MWCNTs. Defects were artificially introduced into the foam core. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included an IR camera (SAT IR system), a microwave Vector Network Analyzer (VNA ZBV20 from Rohde&Schwarz), an open-ended WR75 rectangular waveguide, a high shear laboratory mixer, an ultrasonic processor (Hielscher-UP400S), and materials such as EPOLAM 2002 epoxy resin, Kevlar fabrics, PVC foam, MWCNTs from US4306 Nano Research, and Teflon for inclusions.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

For IR thermography, samples were heated to 70°C, and thermal images were captured. For microwave imaging, the waveguide was scanned over the sample surface with a 0.5 mm step size, and reflection coefficients were measured. Both methods were applied to detect defects in the panels.

5：5 mm step size, and reflection coefficients were measured. Both methods were applied to detect defects in the panels. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Data were analyzed by comparing thermal responses and reflection coefficient amplitudes and phases between defective and non-defective areas, using frequency bands where differences were most pronounced.