1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved preparing AC/TiO2 composites by mixing commercial active carbon and TiO2 (P25) in various ratios, with some samples undergoing hydrothermal treatment or milling. Characterization was done using XRD, BET, and SEM. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated by measuring the removal of AO7 under UV irradiation, with adsorption effects corrected using dark experiments. EPR spectroscopy was used to detect reactive oxygen species.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Commercial active carbon (Penta Chemical) and TiO2 (P25, Evonik) were used. AO7 (Sigma-Aldrich) served as the model pollutant. Samples were prepared with AC/TiO2 ratios from 0.07 to 0.7, and some were hydrothermally treated or milled.

3：07 to 7, and some were hydrothermally treated or milled. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included an autoclave (BR-100 Reactor, Berghof), mill (Fritsch Pulverisette 23), XRD (PANanalytical X'Pert PRO), SEM (Hitachi SEM S-4700), BET analyzer (3Flex, Micromeritics), particle size analyzer (MasterSizer 3000, Malvern Instruments), UV-vis spectrophotometer (CE 2021, Cecil Instruments), EPR spectrometer (EMX Plus, Bruker), UVA source (Bluepoint LED, H?nle UV Technology), and UVX radiometer (UVP). Materials included active carbon, TiO2 P25, AO7, DMPO, and Tempol.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Composites were prepared by mixing AC and TiO2 in water, with some hydrothermally treated at 150°C and 50 bar for 12 hours. Milling was done at frequencies of 30 s?1 or 50 s?1. Layers were prepared by drop-casting. Adsorption isotherms were measured in dark for 24 hours. Photocatalytic activity was tested in a batch reactor with UV lamps. EPR experiments involved irradiating suspensions with DMPO and measuring spectra.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

BET surface area was calculated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. AO7 concentration was measured by UV-vis spectroscopy. EPR spectra were simulated using Winsim2002 or EasySpin software, and concentrations were calibrated with Tempol.