1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A comparative study design was used to evaluate clinical outcomes between torsional and longitudinal phacoemulsification modalities. Patients were randomly assigned to groups, and operative parameters and postoperative changes were measured.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

74 eyes of 59 patients with cataracts were included, categorized by nuclear sclerosis grade (mild: grade 1-2, moderate: grade 3, hard: grade 4-5). Exclusion criteria included history of ocular surgery, corneal disease, other ocular diseases, and intraoperative complications.

3：5). Exclusion criteria included history of ocular surgery, corneal disease, other ocular diseases, and intraoperative complications. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Phacoemulsification systems (Stellaris? with MicroFlow tip? for longitudinal mode, Infiniti Ozil? with Advanced Bypass System tip? for torsional mode), viscoelastic material (DisCoVIsc?), intraocular lens (enVista? MX60), mydriatic agent (Midrin P?), anesthetic (lidocaine), non-contact specular microscope (SP-2000P?), and biometer (Lenstar LS900?).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

All surgeries performed by the same surgeon using a

5：2 mm clear corneal incision and micro-coaxial phacoemulsification. Pupil dilation, anesthesia, anterior chamber paracentesis, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, horizontal phaco chop technique, and IOL implantation were standard. Specific settings for each phaco system were optimized:

for Infiniti Ozil?, bottle height 90 cm, linear continuous Ozil IP mode, torsional amplitude 80%, vacuum 250 mmHg, aspiration rate 25 mL/min; for Stellaris?, bottle height 100 cm, multiple burst mode with duration 6 ms and duty cycle 1-75%, ultrasound power 20%, vacuum 400 mmHg.

6：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analyzed using independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and multiple linear regression with SPSS software version 20. Parameters included ultrasound time, average power, total energy, fluid volume, endothelial cell density, corneal edema, central corneal thickness, surgically induced astigmatism, and best-corrected visual acuity.