研究目的
To investigate how and why color constancy may be better in three-dimensional (3-D) scenes than in two-dimensional (2-D) scenes, and to examine the effects of specific cues such as viewing methods and surface texture on color constancy.
研究成果
Color constancy is better in 3-D scenes than in 2-D scenes, and it improves in 2-D scenes when viewing methods enhance the perception of 3-D dimensionality. Surface texture of objects also contributes to color constancy, particularly in 3-D conditions. The findings suggest that higher-level cognitive processes, such as 3-D perception, play a role in color constancy beyond low-level mechanisms.
研究不足
The study had a small number of observers (five), which may limit generalizability. The 2-D image had limited spatial resolution, potentially affecting texture reproduction. The motion parallax simulation in the head movement condition may lack realism, and the achromatic setting method might not capture all aspects of color constancy.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study compared color constancy between 3-D and 2-D scenes using an achromatic setting technique. Three viewing methods were employed: binocular viewing, monocular viewing, and head movement. A miniature room was used for the 3-D condition, and a 2-D image of the room was presented on a CRT monitor for the 2-D condition. The design aimed to equate factors like visual size, chromaticity, luminance, and viewing point between conditions.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Five observers with normal color vision participated. The stimuli included a miniature room and its 2-D image, with two illuminants (white and incandescent fluorescent lights). Data were collected through achromatic settings and magnitude estimation of 3-D effect.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included a CRT monitor (View Sonic G225f), a 2-D color analyzer (KONICA MINOLTA CA-2000), a spectrophotometer (KONICA MINOLTA CM-3600d), fluorescent lamps (TOSHIBA FL20S-N-EDL and Panasonic FL20S-L-EDL), a chin rest, and customized matte color papers. Materials involved the miniature room, test patches, and calibration plates.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Observers underwent dark adaptation and adaptation to the scene illuminant. They adjusted the chromaticity of a test patch to appear achromatic under different viewing conditions. For head movement, observers moved their head while adjusting, with the image updated to simulate motion parallax. Each session included multiple blocks with randomized conditions.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Color constancy index (CCI) was calculated based on Euclidean distances in CIE u'v' chromaticity diagram. Statistical analysis used ANOVA and t-tests to compare conditions. Perceptual 3-D effect was assessed using magnitude estimation.
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Fluorescent lamp
FL20S-N-EDL
TOSHIBA
Used as a neutral white illuminant for the miniature room.
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Fluorescent lamp
FL20S-L-EDL
Panasonic
Used as an incandescent color type illuminant for the miniature room.
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CRT monitor
G225f
View Sonic
Used to present the 2-D image of the miniature room and the test patch in both 2-D and 3-D conditions.
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2-D color analyzer
CA-2000
KONICA MINOLTA
Used to measure the chromaticity and luminance of the 3-D miniature room for creating the 2-D image.
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Spectrophotometer
CM-3600d
KONICA MINOLTA
Used to measure the Munsell color notation of textured surfaces in the 3-D room.
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White calibration plate
CS-A20
KONICA MINOLTA
Used to measure the white point of the illuminants in the 3-D scene.
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Visual stimulus generator
ViSaGe
Cambridge Research System
Used to present the 2-D test image on the CRT monitor.
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Color-CAL
Cambridge Research System
Used to calibrate the CRT monitor.
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Ishihara plates
Kanehara Trading Inc.
Used to assess normal color vision of observers.
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