研究目的
To investigate how English speakers categorize and name colors across all chroma levels in the Munsell color space, including less saturated colors, and to understand the structure and usage of basic and non-basic color terms.
研究成果
English speakers predominantly use basic color terms (BCTs) for color naming, with higher consensus for saturated colors. Consensus for BCTs increases with chroma, indicating graded category membership along the chroma dimension. Non-BCTs show low consensus and scattered extensions, overlapping with BCTs rather than partitioning color space. The study provides insights into color categorization and suggests that BCTs are more consensual and structured, while non-BCTs are less stable. Future research should investigate these patterns under controlled conditions and in other languages.
研究不足
The study was conducted online, leading to lack of control over viewing conditions (e.g., different monitors, browsers, operating systems), which may affect color perception. Individual differences in color perception and the use of non-laboratory settings could influence results. The sample may not be fully representative, and the focus on English speakers limits generalizability to other languages.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
An online free color-naming study was conducted using a large set of Munsell color stimuli to explore categorization behavior across chroma levels. The study employed a between-subjects design with random assignment to stimulus sets.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
1,870 participants from English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, United States) were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk. After data cleaning, 1,177 participants were included in the final analysis.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Munsell color chips (1,625 stimuli from the Program of Color Science, Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology), converted to RGB coordinates for online display. The Qualtrics platform was used for survey administration.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Participants were shown 65 color patches individually in random order and asked to name each color spontaneously in English. Responses were typed into a text box. A demographic questionnaire and a color-sorting task for quality control were included.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, mode maps, linear mixed-effects models using the lme4 package in R, and visualizations in CIELUV space. Consensus levels and correlations with chroma were examined.
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