研究目的
To prepare and immobilize ZnS nanoparticles on PVDF pellets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in wastewater, aiming to improve reactivity, reusability, and reduce operational costs and environmental impact.
研究成果
The ZnS nanoparticles were successfully immobilized on PVDF pellets via a one-step phase inversion method, resulting in high photocatalytic activity and stability for methylene blue degradation. The PVDF-ZnS pellets showed superior removal efficiency (over 95%) and reusability compared to controls, attributed to synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic effects. This immobilization strategy is promising for wastewater treatment and could be extended to other nanoparticles like ZnO or TiO2 in future work.
研究不足
The study is limited to laboratory-scale experiments with methylene blue as the model pollutant; scalability to industrial applications and testing with other contaminants are not addressed. The immobilization method may not be applicable to all types of nanoparticles or polymers without optimization.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study used a low-temperature precipitation method for ZnS synthesis and a phase inversion method for PVDF pellet preparation and ZnS immobilization. Photocatalytic degradation experiments were conducted in a batch reactor under UV irradiation.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Methylene blue (MB) solutions at different concentrations were used as the organic contaminant. ZnS nanoparticles and PVDF pellets were synthesized in the lab.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment includes SEM (Nova-SEM, FEI Company), TEM (Talos F200X, FEI Company), XRD (D8 Advanced, Bruker Corporation), DLS (Microtrac Inc.), TGA-DSC (Q600, TA Instrument), FTIR (Bruker VERTEX 80 V), UV/Vis spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 100, Agilent Technologies), XPS, and a photocatalytic reactor with a UV lamp (Philips TUV SLM). Materials include Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (Sigma Aldrich), thioacetamide (Daejung Chemical), PVDF (Alfa Aesar), DMF (SHOWA), and deionized water.
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized by heating a precursor solution to 90°C under N2, then centrifuged and dried. PVDF pellets were prepared by dissolving PVDF in DMF, degassing, and dropping into a coagulation bath. For immobilization, PVDF solution was added to a ZnS suspension and precipitated. Characterization involved SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, TGA, FTIR, UV/Vis, XPS, and adsorption tests. Photocatalytic tests were done in a reactor with UV irradiation, stirring, and MB concentration measurement.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Adsorption data were analyzed using Freundlich isotherm model. Photocatalytic degradation kinetics were fitted to a pseudo-first-order model. Statistical analysis included R2 values for model fitting.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy
Nova-SEM
FEI Company
To observe surface and cross-sectional morphologies of ZnS nanoparticles and PVDF-ZnS pellets.
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Transmission Electron Microscopy
Talos F200X
FEI Company
To identify the crystal structure of ZnS nanoparticles and perform elemental mapping with EDAX.
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X-ray Diffraction Analyzer
D8 Advanced
Bruker Corporation
To analyze crystal phases of ZnS nanoparticles.
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
VERTEX 80 V
Bruker
To quantify organic fraction in PVDF-ZnS pellets and analyze chemical bonds.
VERTEX 80 & 80v FT-IR Spectrometers
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UV/Vis Spectrophotometer
Cary 100
Agilent Technologies
To obtain UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and measure methylene blue concentration.
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Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument
Microtrac Inc.
To measure particle size distribution of ZnS nanoparticles.
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Thermogravimetric Analyzer
Q600
TA Instrument
To measure thermal stability of PVDF-ZnS pellets.
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UV Lamp
TUV SLM
Philips
To provide UV irradiation in the photocatalytic reactor for degradation experiments.
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Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate
Sigma Aldrich Inc.
Used as zinc source in the synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles.
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Thioacetamide
Daejung Chemical Inc.
Used as sulfur source in the synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles.
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Polyvinylidene Fluoride
Alfa Aesar
Used to prepare PVDF pellets as the polymer carrier for immobilizing ZnS nanoparticles.
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N,N-Dimethylformamide
SHOWA
Used as solvent for dissolving PVDF powder in the preparation of pellets.
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