1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing Er2O3-doped TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2 particles via sol-gel method and incorporating them into phosphate glasses using the direct doping method. The rationale was to control the local environment of Er3+ ions independently of the glass composition to enhance luminescence properties. Methods included sol-gel synthesis, melt-quenching for glass preparation, and various characterization techniques.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples included Er2O3-doped particles (TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2) and phosphate glasses with compositions 50P2O5-40SrO-10Na2O (SrNaP), 90NaPO3-10Na2O (NaPF0), and 90NaPO3-10NaF (NaPF10). Particles were synthesized with specific Er2O3 concentrations (14.3 mol% for TiO2 and ZnO, 7 mol% for ZrO2).

3：0). Particles were synthesized with specific Er2O3 concentrations (3 mol% for TiO2 and ZnO, 7 mol% for ZrO2). List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included FE-SEM (Zeiss Merlin 4248, Carl Zeiss Crossbeam 540), EDS (Oxford Instruments X-ACT, X-MaxN 80), XRD (Philips X'pert), TGA (Perkin Elmer TGS-2), spectrometer (Jobin Yvon iHR320), detectors (Hamamatsu P4631-02, Thorlabs PDA10CS-EC), laser diode (CM962UF76P-10R), oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS350), and filters (Thorlabs FEL 1500). Materials included chemical precursors (e.g., titanium(IV) butoxide, erbium(III) acetate, zinc acetate dihydrate) from Sigma-Aldrich and others.

4：0). Materials included chemical precursors (e.g., titanium(IV) butoxide, erbium(III) acetate, zinc acetate dihydrate) from Sigma-Aldrich and others. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Particles were synthesized via sol-gel, calcined, and characterized. Glasses were melted in quartz crucibles, particles were added at specific temperatures (1000°C for SrNaP, 550°C for NaPF glasses), quenched, annealed, and polished. Characterization involved FE-SEM/EDS for morphology and composition, XRD for crystallinity, TGA for thermal stability, emission spectra and lifetime measurements at 976 nm excitation.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using EDS for elemental mapping (±1.5 mol% accuracy), XRD patterns compared to reference databases, emission spectra normalized, lifetime values fitted with single exponential decay, and statistical errors considered (e.g., ±0.2 ms for lifetime).