研究目的
To investigate different configurations of a hybrid wastewater treatment process combining adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and membrane filtration to find the optimum configuration for treating wastewater from Iran pulp and paper factory (Chooka).
研究成果
The hybrid system combining photocatalytic degradation, adsorption, and membrane filtration in series (configuration 6) provided the best performance with high separation percentages (e.g., 92% for COD, 91% for BOD, 90% for detergents, 97% for TSS) and higher membrane flux. Membrane filtration was the most effective single process. The study demonstrates the synergy of hybrid processes for efficient wastewater treatment.
研究不足
The hybrid process was used in a semi-continuous mode and will be developed as a continuous process in future works. The study focused on specific contaminants (COD, BOD, detergents, TSS) and may not address all possible pollutants. The experiments were conducted at ambient temperature and specific pressures, which might not cover all operational conditions.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study employed a hybrid system combining adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and membrane filtration processes. Polymeric membranes were fabricated using the wet phase inversion method. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method. Various analytical techniques (LLDP, SEM, contact angle, FT-IR, XRD) were used for characterization.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Wastewater from Iran pulp and paper factory (Chooka) was used as the feed. Samples were analyzed according to Iranian national standard No.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
10 Materials included PAN, PVP, DMF, activated carbon, titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, acetic acid, deionized water. Equipment included ultrasonic stirrer, oven, furnace, cross-flow membrane setup, XRD instrument (Philips PW1840), FTIR spectrophotometer (Bruker Germany), SEM (Leo 1450 V P), contact angle analyzer (Data physics OCA 15 Plus), and various analysis instruments for wastewater (e.g., Varian 220A atomic absorption spectroscopy, HACH-DR2010 spectrophotometer).
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Membranes were fabricated by casting polymer solution and immersing in a nonsolvent bath. TiO2 synthesis involved mixing chemicals, stirring, centrifugation, washing, drying, and calcination. Wastewater treatment involved single and hybrid processes with different configurations, performed in batch mode under specified conditions (e.g., 2 hours contact time, 4 bar pressure for membrane filtration).
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Data were analyzed using equations for pore size and porosity calculation (e.g., Scherrer equation for crystal size, Guerout-Elford-Ferry equation for pore radius), and separation percentages were calculated based on measured contaminant levels.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Varian 220A
Varian
Used for analyzing various components in wastewater, such as metals and other contaminants.
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Spectrophotometer
HACH-DR2010
HACH
Used for colorimetric analysis of wastewater components like nitrates, phosphates, etc.
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X-ray Diffraction Instrument
Philips PW1840
Philips
Used for determining the structure and phase composition of TiO2 nanoparticles.
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FTIR Spectrophotometer
Not specified
Bruker Germany
Used for recording FTIR spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles to confirm chemical bonds.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
Leo 1450 V P
Leo
Used for obtaining SEM images of membrane cross-sections to study morphology.
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Contact Angle Analyzer
OCA 15 Plus
Data physics
Used for measuring the contact angle of membranes to determine hydrophilicity.
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UV Lamp
ECO Osram, 400 W
Osram
Used for UV irradiation in the photocatalytic degradation process.
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Dissolved Oxygen Meter
55 DO Meter-YSI
YSI
Used for measuring dissolved oxygen in wastewater.
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COD Reactor
HACH-COD Reactor
HACH
Used for chemical oxygen demand analysis of wastewater.
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