1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used ZnO/ZnO-Me homojunctions obtained via sol-gel technology by the sol immersion method to investigate the thermovoltaic effect. The physical model is based on the Mott insulators theory and involves calculations of Debye shielding radius and critical temperature for insulator-metal transition.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples were prepared using specific precursors and substrates. Ceramic substrates (Rubalit 710) of size 20 mm × 10 mm × 0.63 mm were used. The samples included undoped ZnO and ZnO doped with Cu or Fe at 3 at.% concentrations.

3：63 mm were used. The samples included undoped ZnO and ZnO doped with Cu or Fe at 3 at.% concentrations. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment includes a magnetic stirrer (PE-6110, Ekros-Analitika), a tube furnace for uniform heating, pressure point contacts made of gold for EMF measurement, and an atomic force microscope (NTEGRA Therma, NT-MDT) for surface morphology analysis. Materials include zinc acetate dihydrate, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-aminoethanol, iron nitrate nonahydrate, copper acetate monohydrate (all from Sigma-Aldrich), and ceramic substrates (Rubalit 710 from CeramTec).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The sol-gel method involved mixing precursors, stirring, ripening, dip-coating onto substrates, drying, and annealing. Samples were heated uniformly in a tube furnace at 200-300°C, and EMF was measured using gold contacts after 8 hours of temperature stabilization. Surface morphology was analyzed with AFM.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis included numerical solutions of electroneutrality equations using Fermi-Dirac statistics, calculation of Debye shielding radius and Bohr radius, and comparison with experimental EMF values. Statistical methods were not explicitly mentioned, but numerical modeling was used.