1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used co-precipitation method for synthesis due to its simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness. Characterization techniques included XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible, PL, and impedance spectroscopy to analyze structural, optical, and electrical properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Undoped ZnO and Zn0.97-xAl0.03MnxO nanopowders with x = 0, 1, 2, and 3% were synthesized. Precursors were zinc chloride tetrahydrate, manganese chloride hexahydrate, and aluminium chloride tetrahydrate.

3：97-xAl03MnxO nanopowders with x = 0, 1, 2, and 3% were synthesized. Precursors were zinc chloride tetrahydrate, manganese chloride hexahydrate, and aluminium chloride tetrahydrate. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included Bruker D8 Advanced X-ray diffractometer, Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrometer, T-64000 Raman spectrometer, UV-VIS spectrophotometer (optizen POP), Perkin Elmer LS-55 fluorescence spectrometer, and Solartron SI1260 Impedance Gain-Phase analyzer. Materials included chemical precursors and distilled water/ethanol for synthesis.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involved dissolving precursors, adjusting pH to 10 with NaOH, stirring, filtration, washing, drying at 120°C, and calcination at 500°C. Characterization was performed at room temperature with specified parameter ranges for each technique.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using Williamson-Hall model for crystallite size and strain, Tauc plot for band gap, Jonscher's power law for ac conductivity, and equivalent circuit fitting for impedance data.