研究目的
Investigating the influence of bromophenol blue (BPB) dye immobilization on the structural, morphological, and nonlinear optical properties of silica–titania (ST) nanohybrid for potential applications in optical limiting and safety of photonic and optoelectronic devices.
研究成果
The BPB-immobilized ST nanohybrid exhibits enhanced nonlinear optical properties, including a high nonlinear refractive index and low optical limiting threshold, due to improved structural homogeneity and reduced surface roughness. This makes it a promising material for optical limiting applications in protecting photonic and optoelectronic devices from laser damage.
研究不足
The study uses a continuous-wave laser, which may induce thermal effects influencing nonlinear optical measurements. The synthesis and characterization are limited to specific conditions (e.g., low temperature, specific dye concentration), and scalability or long-term stability of the nanohybrid for practical applications is not addressed.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study employed a low-temperature sol–gel method to synthesize ST nanohybrid and BPB-immobilized ST nanohybrid. Nonlinear optical properties were characterized using z-scan technique with a continuous-wave laser. Structural and morphological analyses were conducted using FTIR, TEM, and AFM.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Samples included ST nanohybrid, BPB dye, and BPB/ST nanohybrid synthesized from analytical grade chemicals. Data were obtained from spectroscopic and microscopic measurements.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included PerkinElmer FTIR spectrophotometer, HITACHI HT7700 TEM, SPI 3800N AFM, Coherent Verdi-V5 DPSS laser, Thorlabs PDA55 photodetectors, and LTS-300 motorized stage. Materials included TEOS, titanium isopropoxide, ethanol, iso-propanol, HNO3, and bromophenol blue.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
Silica and titania sols were synthesized separately, mixed to form ST hybrid sol, and BPB was added for immobilization. Samples were characterized using FTIR (650–4000 cm?1), TEM (sonicated in ethanol, imaged at 120 kV), AFM (1×1 μm2 scan), and z-scan (532 nm laser, focused with 20 cm lens, beam waist 23 μm, Rayleigh length 3.1 mm, samples in 1 mm quartz cuvette).
5：1 mm, samples in 1 mm quartz cuvette).
Data Analysis Methods:
5. Data Analysis Methods: Z-scan data were analyzed using theoretical models to calculate nonlinear refractive index (n2), nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and third-order susceptibility (χ(3)). FTIR, TEM, and AFM data were interpreted for structural and morphological features.
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