1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study compared the power output stability and electrical power consumption of various light sources (HBO, MH, and four LED systems) using a power meter and power monitor. Protocols were designed to test stability at different timescales (warm-up, short-term, intermediate-term, long-term) and during on/off switching.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Six light sources were tested: HBO lamp, MH lamp, and four LED light sources (LED 1, LED 2, LED 3, LED 4). Data were collected through direct measurements of power output and electrical consumption.

3：4). Data were collected through direct measurements of power output and electrical consumption. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Zeiss inverted Axio Observer 200M microscope, Fieldmax-II-TO power meter, Kill A Watt EZ power monitor, excitation filters (470/40, ET480/40), dichroic mirrors (FT495, FT510, T510lp), 10×/0.3 NA EC Plan-NEOFLUAR objective lens, adhesive putty, neutral density filters (removed for tests).

4：3 NA EC Plan-NEOFLUAR objective lens, adhesive putty, neutral density filters (removed for tests). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Each light source was coupled to the microscope, with some via liquid light guide. Power output was measured at specified intervals (e.g., 1-s for warm-up, 0.1-s for short-term) after a 30-minute warm-up. Electrical power consumption was measured at different output settings. Experiments were repeated in triplicate.

5：1-s for short-term) after a 30-minute warm-up. Electrical power consumption was measured at different output settings. Experiments were repeated in triplicate. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (2007). Mean and standard deviation (SD) of power output were calculated for each test. Percentage SD was used to quantify stability.