1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used an ion-exchange method combined with atmospheric post-heat treatment to synthesize Cu nanoclusters in soda-lime glass. The nonlinear optical properties were analyzed using the femtosecond Z-scan technique. Theoretical models included equations for saturable absorption and nonlinear refraction.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Commercial soda-lime glass slides (76 mm × 26 mm × 1 mm) with specific chemical composition were used as the host matrix. Samples were prepared by ion exchange with CuSO4·5H2O:Na2SO4 mixed salt and annealed at temperatures from 450°C to 650°C.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a dual beam UV–visible spectrophotometer (HITACHI U 3300 model), FS5 spectrofluorometer (Edinburgh Instruments), D8-Advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker), JEM-2100 TEM, PHI 5400 XPS spectrometer, and a femtosecond laser Z-scan setup. Materials included glass slides, CuSO4·5H2O, Na2SO4, solvents (water, trichloroethylene).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Glass slides were cleaned, covered with mixed salt, heated to 590°C for 2 min, then annealed at various temperatures for 1 h. Characterization involved UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, XPS, PL spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, RBS, and Z-scan measurements.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using Image J software for size calculation, Gaussian-Lorentzian curve fitting for XPS, and numerical fitting of Z-scan curves using differential equations for nonlinear coefficients.