1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study utilized high-pressure torsion (HPT) to refine the microstructure of Ti–6Al–4V alloys, followed by electrochemical anodization to fabricate TNT layers. HPT was chosen for its ability to induce severe plastic deformation, leading to grain refinement and phase dissolution. Anodization was performed under various conditions to produce different TNT morphologies (one-step nanoporous, one-step nanotubular, two-step nanoporous).

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Ti–6Al–4V ELI disks were used as substrates. Samples were designated as Ti–64 (before HPT) and Ti–64–UFG (after HPT for 10 turns). Data were obtained from microstructural analysis, electrochemical tests, and mechanical tests.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included HPT setup, power supply (IT6123B), SEM (Zeiss Supra55), EBSD (Oxford EBSD analyzer), TEM (Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN), XRD (D8 ADVANCE diffractometer), electrochemical workstation (CHI660D), and nanoscratch tester (Keysight Nano Indenter G200). Materials included Ti–6Al–4V alloys, glycerol electrolytes with NH4F and H2O, Hank’s solution, and various polishing materials.

4：0). Materials included Ti–6Al–4V alloys, glycerol electrolytes with NH4F and H2O, Hank’s solution, and various polishing materials. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: HPT processing was performed at room temperature with 3.0 GPa pressure and 1 rpm speed for 1, 4, and 10 turns. Anodization was conducted in two-electrode cells with specific electrolytes and voltages. Post-anodization, samples were characterized using SEM, EBSD, TEM, XRD, electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization and EIS), and nanoscratch tests.

5：0 GPa pressure and 1 rpm speed for 1, 4, and 10 turns. Anodization was conducted in two-electrode cells with specific electrolytes and voltages. Post-anodization, samples were characterized using SEM, EBSD, TEM, XRD, electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization and EIS), and nanoscratch tests. Data Analysis Methods:

5. Data Analysis Methods: Microstructural data were analyzed using software like Nano measurer, ImageJ, and Maud for XRD. Electrochemical data were processed to determine corrosion current density and impedance. Nanoscratch data were used to assess adhesion strength via critical load measurements.