1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study synthesized phosphotellurite binary glasses with composition (100-x)TeO2–xBa(PO3)2 (x=1-20 mol%) using the conventional melt-quenching method in covered gold crucibles under air. Properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), linear optical absorption from UV to NIR, IR transmittance, and optical limiting experiments. Rietveld analysis was used for phase crystallization investigation.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Glass samples were prepared with varying Ba(PO3)2 concentrations (1-20 mol%) using raw materials TeO2 (99.99% purity) and Ba(PO3)2 (99% purity) from Prichem Tech and Aldrich. Samples were labeled TBP1 to TBP20 based on composition.

3：99% purity) and Ba(PO3)2 (99% purity) from Prichem Tech and Aldrich. Samples were labeled TBP1 to TBP20 based on composition. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a muffle furnace for melting, gold crucibles, stainless steel mould, translational mixer (SpeedMixer), BRUKER XRD equipment, TA Instrument Model 2910 DSC, Cary 500 Double-beam spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer FTIR Spectrum 2000, LabRAM HR micro Raman from Horiba Jobin Yvon, FEI Tecnai G2 F20 TEM, and a Q-switched and mode-locked Nd:YAG laser for nonlinear measurements. Materials included TeO2, Ba(PO3)2, and optical components like lenses, filters, and detectors.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Raw materials were mixed, melted at 700-850°C, cast into moulds, annealed, and slowly cooled. Characterizations involved XRD for crystallinity, DSC for thermal properties, Raman and FTIR for structural analysis, TEM for microstructure, and optical measurements for linear and nonlinear properties. Nonlinear experiments used a picosecond laser at 532 nm with controlled intensity and polarization.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis included Rietveld refinement for XRD, deconvolution of Raman spectra, and solving the intensity propagation equation for nonlinear extinction coefficients. Statistical techniques and software tools like Crystbox for TEM indexing were employed.