研究目的
To extensively evaluate, modify, and optimize the detection parameters for functionalised silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) doped with luminescent ruthenium complex for latent fingermark detection, aiming to enhance detection quality and improve applicability.
研究成果
The modified detection parameters (40× NP dilution, 0.5 M NaCl, pH 7, 3–5 min immersion at 35–40°C) significantly improved latent fingermark detection quality compared to the published method. The technique is more effective for fresher fingermarks and shows superior enhancement across various substrates and donors, though batch-to-batch variability and age effects remain areas for improvement.
研究不足
Batch-to-batch variations in NP synthesis affected detection effectiveness, indicating a lack of robustness. Background staining was observed on aluminium foil. The technique showed reduced effectiveness on older fingermarks (three months) and was more impacted for weak donors. The synthesis process requires further optimization for consistency.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study followed International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) guidelines as a Phase 2 (Optimisation & Comparison) activity. It involved synthesizing RuBpy-doped, CES-functionalised SiO2 NPs via the reversed micro-emulsion technique, modifying detection parameters (NP dilution, ionic strength, pH, immersion time, bath temperature), and comparing the modified parameters against the published method using split fingermark specimens.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Fingermark specimens were collected from three donors (weak, average, strong) on aluminium foil, transparent polypropylene plastic, and green polyethylene plastic. Specimens were aged for ten days and three months, stored under controlled office conditions.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Chemicals included Triton X-100, 1-hexanol, ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), tris(2,20-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate (RuBpy), sodium chloride (NaCl), cyclohexane, carboxyethylsilanetriol disodium salt (CES), acetone, RO/DI water. Equipment included Zeiss Supra 55VP FESEM, Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS, Bruker D8 Discover diffractometer, Shimadzu RF-6000 spectrofluorophotometer, Rofin Polilight PL500 forensic light source, Rofin Poliview imaging system, vortex mixer, centrifuge, magnetic stirrer, falcon centrifuge tubes, round bottom flask, silicon chip wafer, aluminium SEM stub, conductive carbon tape, Leica EM ACE600 coater, quartz cuvettes, circular glass slides.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
NPs were synthesized, characterized (SEM, DLS, PXRD, photoluminescence), and used in colloidal dispersions. Fingermark specimens were processed by immersion in NP dispersions under varied parameters, visualized using forensic light sources, imaged, and evaluated by three assessors using a comparative scale.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Fingermark images were scored based on the University of Canberra comparative scale. Scores were collated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel to determine frequencies and performance comparisons.
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Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Supra 55VP
Zeiss
Used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visualize and analyze the size and morphology of the functionalised SiO2 nanoparticles.
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Zetasizer
Nano ZS
Malvern
Used to determine the average size and size distribution profile of the CES-SiO2 nanoparticles in solution via dynamic light scattering (DLS).
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Diffractometer
D8 Discover
Bruker
Used for powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements to analyze the crystalline nature of the functionalised SiO2 nanoparticles.
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Spectrofluorophotometer
RF-6000
Shimadzu
Used to measure the photoluminescence spectra of the RuBpy-doped CES-SiO2 nanoparticles to determine excitation and emission properties.
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High Vacuum Coater
EM ACE600
Leica
Used to coat SEM samples with carbon to make them conductive for SEM imaging.
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Forensic Light Source
Polilight PL500
Rofin
Used for visual screening of processed fingermark specimens under forensic lighting conditions to detect developed fingermarks.
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Imaging System
Poliview
Rofin
Used to record images of developed fingermarks under specific excitation and observation wavelengths for evaluation.
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Vortex Mixer
Used to shake falcon centrifuge tubes containing nanoparticles during the synthesis and washing steps to ensure proper dispersion.
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Centrifuge
Used to isolate nanoparticles from the reaction mixture and during washing steps by centrifugation.
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Magnetic Stirrer
Used for constant stirring during the synthesis of nanoparticles to ensure homogeneous reaction.
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