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Pressure effects in RF and DC sputtered Sb2Te3 thin films and its applications into solar cells
摘要： In this work we developed the synthesis and characterization of Sb2Te3 thin films, which were grown by RF as well as DC sputtering as a function of the deposition pressure (Pd), 5–15 mTorr. Sb2Te3 films were characterized through X-Ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and electrical resistivity measurements. As a part, contact layer, of the CdTe-based Solar Cell, Current-Voltage (I–V) as well as External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) measurements were carried out. Our results indicate that the radio-frequency sputtered Sb2Te3 are polycrystalline with predominant rhombohedral crystalline structure, whereas the DC-sputtered films crystallized mainly in the monoclinical structure. Both set of samples showed a resistivity of the order of 10?4 Ω-cm. Concerning the CdTe-based solar cell, the incorporation of the Sb2Te3 as a back surface film in the back contact improves the solar cell efficiency up to 8.01%, 10 mTorr pressures into the growth chamber, as compared to the CdTe-based solar cell, 4.82% efficiency, without the Sb2Te3 layer.
关键词： p+ material,CdTe solar cells,Sputtering RF and DC,Sb2Te3
更新于2025-11-14 15:15:56
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Maximize CdTe solar cell performance through copper activation engineering
摘要： The incorporation of copper (Cu) is one of the critical processes for fabricating high-efficiency CdTe thin-film solar cells. However, due to its high mobility in CdTe, the distribution and concentration of Cu must be carefully engineered to reduce the compensative donor-like interstitial defects in CdTe bulk and the recombination centers at the buffer layer/CdTe interface to maximize device performances. Here, a cuprous chloride (CuCl) solution treatment and a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process are used to control the concentration and distribution of Cu in CdTe absorbers, enabling a champion CdTe thin-film solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 17.5% without selenium incorporation. The results demonstrate that the use of a CuCl solution can substantially reduce the amount of Cu needed in CdTe and the RTA process is a viable approach to engineer the Cu distribution in CdTe solar cells.
关键词： Power conversion efficiency,Rapid thermal annealing,Cuprous chloride,CdTe solar cells,Copper activation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Characterization of sputtered MoOx thin films with different oxygen content and their application as back contact in CdTe solar cells
摘要： Transparent MoOx thin films with varied composition were successfully prepared by sputtering and the effects of oxygen contents on the composition stoichiometry, defect states, work functions, electrical and optical properties of MoOx films were systematically studied. These thin films were then utilized in cadmium telluride solar cells to act as back contact buffers. As compared with the CdTe solar cells with Au back contact, deteriorated performance was witnessed in those with MoOx buffers. The deterioration was demonstrated to be caused by the oxidation of CdTe surface, the large valence band offset and the insufficient work function. Finally, by optimizing the back contacts to form a CuCl/MoOx/ITO composite back contact, the efficiency was improved to 11.8%. This work demonstrates feasible approaches to prepare MoOx thin films with varied oxygen concentrations which could be easily applied to many other thin film solar cells and provide important indications in the preparation and optimization of the performance for bifacial devices.
关键词： Back contact,CdTe solar Cells,Molybdenum oxide,Magnetron sputtering
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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All-sputtered CdTe solar cell activated with a novel method
摘要： CdTe thin film solar cells are usually fabricated depositing the absorber layer by Close Space Sublimation (CSS) and Vapor Transport Deposition (VTD), mainly due to the high deposition rate allowed by these techniques. However, most of the solar cell films can be deposited by sputtering, making to deposit also the CdTe by this technique attractive. Indeed, an all-sputtered solar cell could be deposited in one sequential chamber at a relatively low temperature and without breaking the vacuum, resulting in a sensible decrease in the production cost at the industrial level. Usually, treatments based on CdCl2, also known as activations, are applied to the CdTe solar cells to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, it was observed that the usual activation methods could be aggressive for all-sputtered CdTe solar cells, damaging the films and resulting in low performance. In this work, we propose a novel activation method based on Nitrogen/Oxygen/CHCIF2 gas mixture, which is more suitable for this kind of device. Morphological, structural, optical and electrical properties were analyzed and compared to our CSS-CdCl2 baseline. A PCE of 12% was achieved for all-sputtered CdTe solar cells.
关键词： Sputtering,CdTe,Solar cells,Activation
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Study on the Stability of Unpackaged CdS/CdTe Solar Cells with Different Structures
摘要： In this work, the stability of unpackaged CdTe solar cells with di?erent con?gurations was investigated according to the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 61215-2016. The measurements of thermal cycling from -40°C to +85°C and 24-hour temperature cycling from -40°C to +85°C were carried out in CdS/CdTe solar cells with structures of FTO/CdS/CdTe/Au, FTO/CdS/CdTe/back contact/Au, and FTO/MZO/CdS/CdTe/back contact/Au, respectively. The performances of these cells before and after the thermal aging experiments were investigated by using light and dark I‐V together with C‐V. The results reveal varied performance degradation before and after thermal aging in the cells with di?erent structures. Among these, the most deteriorated device is the one without back contact (BC), whose e?ciency decreased by 25.12% after thermal cycling accompanying an obvious roll-over phenomenon when forward bias was greater than open circuit voltage. On the contrary, the reduction in the e?ciency was about 16.80% in the case cells with BC, and the roll-over phenomenon was not so signi?cant. Furthermore, for the devices with optimized front contact of FTO/MZO, the thermal stability was improved obviously. Interestingly, short-circuit current density associated with the carrier concentration of cells remained relatively small variations compared with the change of Voc and ?ll factor. All the results indicated that an e?cient back contact layer and an optimized front electrode were the indispensable structural elements to attain high stabilization in the CdS/CdTe solar cells.
关键词： front electrode,thermal cycling,back contact,CdS/CdTe solar cells,stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Incorporation of metal selenide thin films as the secondary absorber in the CdTe solar cells
摘要： The introduction of selenium in the CdTe solar cells has been responsible for high performance CdTe thin film solar cells in recent years. It is an approach to form CdSexTe1-x alloys by the interdiffusion using precursor CdSe layer during the CdTe high-temperature deposition process. Nevertheless, the compositionally gradient CdSexTe1-x formed by the diffusion makes it difficult to absorb long-wavelength photons adequately. So close-spaced sublimation deposited CdSexTe1-x interlayer was incorporated in the CdTe thin film solar cells. It is found that 600 nm CdSexTe1-x absorber is useful to increase long-wavelength photons absorption and extend the long-wavelength QE response. Meanwhile, the synergetic effects of the primary absorber deposition processing on CdTe solar cell performance were investigated. The substrate temperature of CdTe deposition has an obvious impact on the cell efficiency. The much higher substrate temperature can efficiently gain larger grain size, increase the crystal quality and promote the interdiffusion of different semiconductor layers. These improvements can efficiently decrease the carrier recombination to obtain a much higher fill factor and open-circuit voltage.
关键词： Spectral response,CdTe solar cells,Carrier recombination,CdSexTe1-x,CdSe
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Effect of bending test on the performance of CdTe solar cells on flexible ultra-thin glass produced by MOCVD
摘要： The development of lightweight and flexible solar modules is highly desirable for high specific power applications, building integrated photovoltaics, unmanned aerial vehicles and space. Flexible metallic and polyimide foils are frequently used, but in this work an alternative substrate with attractive properties, ultra-thin glass (UTG) has been employed. CdTe solar cells with average efficiency reaching 14.7% AM1.5G efficiency have been produced on UTG of 100 μm thickness. Little has been reported on the effects on PV performance when flexed, so we investigated the effects on J-V parameters when the measurements were performed in 40 mm and 32 mm bend radius, and in a planar state before and after the bend curvature was applied. The flat J-V measurements after 32 mm bending test showed some improvement in efficiency, Voc and FF, with values higher than the first measurement in a planar state. In addition, two CdTe solar cells with identical initial performance were subjected to 32 mm static bending test for 168 hours, the results showed excellent uniformity and stability and no significant variation on J-V parameters was observed. External quantum efficiency and capacitance voltage measurements were performed and showed no significant change in spectral response or carrier concentration. Residual stress analysis showed that no additional strain was induced within the film after the bending test and that the overall strain was low. This has demonstrated the feasibility of using CdTe solar cells on UTG in new applications, when a curved module is required without compromising performance.
关键词： Ultra-thin glass,Thin films,Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition,CdTe solar cells,Bending test
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Reliability investigation on CdTe solar cells submitted to short-term thermal stress
摘要： In this paper, we investigate the effect of short-term thermal stresses in CdTe thin film solar cells. The CdTe solar cells under test are manufactured with physical vapour deposition on soda lime glass in superstrate configuration. Different characterization techniques were used to study the reliability of the solar cells. In particular, external quantum efficiency (EQE) and electroluminescence (EL) measurement were applied in order to investigate the physical processes responsible for degradation. Through this analysis, we give a broad overview of degradation effects using both electrical and optical measurement and correlating the results. We show that (i) during short-term thermal stresses a soft degradation occurs, (ii) the series resistance of the cells increases and (iii) degradation is preliminarily ascribed to the generation of crystal defects due to the diffusion of copper or oxygen atoms in the CdTe solar cells.
关键词： degradation,EL,reliability,CdTe solar cells,EQE,thermal stress
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Radiation hardness of cadmium telluride solar cells in proton therapy beam mode
摘要： We evaluated the durability of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells upon proton beam irradiation as well as the possibility of achieving a dosimeter usable in proton beam therapy by applying 100 MeV of pencil beam scanning (PBS) irradiation. Specifically, a 100 MeV proton PBS beam was applied at irradiation doses of 0, 1012, 1013, 1014, and 1015 cm-2. According to the results, the remaining factors (defined as the ratio of the degraded value to the initial value) of open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Jsc), fill-factor (FF), and efficiency (?) which are solar cell performance parameters, were approximately 89%, 44%, 69%, and 30%, respectively, compared to those of the reference cell (without irradiation) at the highest dose of 1×1015 cm-2. In particular, the conversion efficiency, which is the main factor, was approximately 70% of that of the reference cell even at a high fluence of 1×1014 cm-2. In addition, we observed the projected range of the hydrogen atoms based on the PBS beam energy using the Tool for Particle Simulation software and assessed the amount of fluence accumulated in a CdTe cell. As the energy increased, the fluence accumulated inside the cell tended to decrease owing to the characteristics of the Bragg peak of the proton. Thus, the radiation damage to the cell induced by the proton beam was reduced. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable reference information for research on dosimetry sensors composed of thin-film solar cells, serving as the basis for future application in proton beam therapy with CdTe solar cells.
关键词： radiation hardness,proton therapy,dosimetry sensors,PBS irradiation,CdTe solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22