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Stability enhancement of inverted perovskite solar cells using LiF in electron transport layer
摘要： Stability is of great importance to the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Interface materials are crucial to achieve stable PVSCs. Herein, we report on a strategy of incorporating lithium fluoride (LiF) as part of the buffer layer in inverted PVSCs to suppress the decomposition of perovskite layer and eliminate the corresponding negative effects. The device with C60/LiF buffer layer maintains 87% of its initial efficiency after aging in N2 for 26 days, exhibiting much improved stability compared to the control device with C60/BCP. Our work suggests a viable approach to enhance the device stability for the commercialization of PVSCs.
关键词： Perovskite solar cells,Electron transport layer,Lithium fluoride,Buffer layer,Stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Low temperature ZnO/TiOx electron-transport layer processed from aqueous solution for highly efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells
摘要： Owing to the low temperature processability and high charge carrier mobility, ZnO has been successfully employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to act as the electron transport layer. Even so, because of the poor ZnO/perovskite interface chemical stability, achieving highly ef?cient and stable PSCs is still challenging the researchers. Therefore, the optimization of ZnO/perovskite interface by proper surface passivation has been developed for highly ef?cient PSCs. In this work, an environmentally friendly low-temperature aqueous solution-processed TiOx was applied on the aqueous solution-processed ZnO surface to promote the ZnO/perovskite interface stabilization and the interface charge recombination reduction. High performance PSCs with over 19% ef?ciency and relatively good stability were ?nally obtained. This low temperature aqueous solution-processed ZnO/TiOx route is simple and scalable, and facilities the future commercialization of perovskite based photovoltaic technology. Meanwhile, it is also compatible with the ?exible energy devices.
关键词： Electron transport layer,High performance,Aqueous solution-process,Perovskite solar cells,ZnO/TiOx layer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Effects of Active layer thickness on optical properties of polymer OLEDs
摘要： We have proposed and described precisely remarkable improvements of emitted power and corresponding optical parameters of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/Emissive Layer (EL)/Electron Transport Layer (ETL)/Aluminum based Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED). Changing EL thickness we perceived the emitted power, although maximum emissive power (18.4 mW/ m2-nm -S) is obtained at approximate 490 nm wavelength for 60 nm EL, along with observed recombination rate, exciton density, electric field and carrier density. Bilayer OLED is simulated in which active layer is EL by using BAlq [Bis(2-methyl-8- quinolinolate)-4- (phenylphenolato) Aluminum] polymer and other is ETL by using Alq [tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum] polymer between two electrodes anode (ITO) and cathode (Al).
关键词： Polymer OLED,Electron transport layer,Tradeoff,Thickness of EL,Emissive layer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Optimization of the electron transport in quantum dot light-emitting diodes by codoping ZnO with gallium (Ga) and magnesium (Mg)
摘要： In our study, to optimize the electron–hole balance through controlling the electron transport layer (ETL) in the QD-LEDs, four materials (ZnO, ZnGaO, ZnMgO, and ZnGaMgO NPs) were synthesized and applied to the QD-LEDs as ETLs. By doping ZnO NPs with Ga, the electrons easily inject due to the increased Fermi level of ZnO NPs, and as Mg is further doped, the valence band maximum (VBM) of ZnO NPs deepens and blocks the holes more e?ciently. Also, at the interface of QD/ETLs, Mg reduces non-radiative recombination by reducing oxygen vacancy defects on the surface of ZnO NPs. As a result, the maximum luminance (Lmax) and maximum luminance e?ciency (LEmax) of QD-LEDs based on ZnGaMgO NPs reached 43 440 cd m?2 and 15.4 cd A?1. These results increased by 34%, 10% and 27% for the Lmax and 450%, 88%, and 208% for the LEmax when compared with ZnO, ZnGaO, and ZnMgO NPs as ETLs.
关键词： electron transport layer,ZnO nanoparticles,quantum dot light-emitting diodes,Ga-Mg codoping,electron-hole balance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Highly stable and efficient planar perovskite solar cells using ternary metal oxide electron transport layers
摘要： In planar perovskite solar cells, the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a vital role in effective extraction and transportation of photogenerated electrons from the perovskite layer to the cathode. Ternary metal oxides exhibit excellent potentials as ETLs since their electrical and optical properties are attunable through simple compositional adjustments. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) films as highly efficient ETLs for perovskite solar cells. We observe poor compatibility between ZnO and perovskite which impedes device reproducibility, stability, and performance unlike ZTO ETL devices. Furthermore, we modify the ZTO/perovskite interface by introducing a thin passivating SnO2 interlayer. The Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device demonstrates paramount power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.01% with corresponding short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) values of 21.93 mA cm?2, 1.10 V, and 78.82%. Moreover, the Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device displays superior stability, maintaining 90% of its initial PCE after 90 days in the absence of encapsulation at relative humidity of 30–40%. Enhancement in charge extraction, favourable energy alignment, and reduction in recombination sites greatly contribute to the optimal performance, stability, and reproducibility of the Zn1Sn1Ox/SnO2 ETL device.
关键词： Photovoltaic performance,Zinc tin oxide,Electron transport layer,Perovskite solar cells,Long-term stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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A facile strategy for enhanced performance of inverted organic solar cells based on low-temperature solution-processed SnO2 electron transport layer
摘要： High-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) based on low-temperature (LT) processed SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) are promising for their commercial use. However, high density of traps and large contact barrier for carriers at the interface between LT SnO2 and the active layer has been reported. To solve the problem, various interface modifying layer materials, such as PFN, has been introduced. Currently, the fabrication process of such interface modifying layer materials is complex and expensive. Herein, a facile strategy involved a polar solvent ethanolamine (EA) is introduced to modify LT SnO2 surface. By soaking the SnO2 film into EA solution in 2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME), EA can easily anchor into SnO2 film surface and forms a continuous monomolecular layer via dehydration reaction. The whole process is green and highly compatible with a roll-to-roll process. Further study suggests that the deep trap centers on SnO2 surface are substantially reduced and the built-in potential in OSCs is reinforced. Finally, OSCs based on EA-modified SnO2 demonstrated an enhanced power conversion efficiency from 10.71% to 12.45% which was comparable to those based on ZnO (12.26%) under the same experiment parameters. Our work boosts the development of the inverted OSCs with easy fabrication and compatibility with roll-to-roll process.
关键词： SnO2,Ethanolamine,organic solar cells,Electron transport layer
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Room-Temperature-Processed Amorphous Sn-In-O Electron Transport Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： We report amorphous tin-indium-oxide (TIO, Sn fraction: >50 atomic percentage (at%)) thin films as a new electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). TIO thin films with Sn fraction of 52, 77, 83, 92, and 100 at% were grown on crystalline indium-tin-oxide (ITO, Sn fraction: ~10 at%) thin films, a common transparent conducting oxide, by co-sputtering In2O3 and SnO2 at room temperature. The energy band structures of the amorphous TIO thin films were determined from the optical absorbance and the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra. All the examined compositions are characterized by a conduction band edge lying between that of ITO and that of perovskite (here, methylammonium lead triiodide), indicating that TIO is a potentially viable ETL of PSCs. The photovoltaic characteristics of the TIO-based PSCs were evaluated. Owing mainly to the highest fill factor and open circuit voltage, the optimal power conversion efficiency was obtained for the 77 at%-Sn TIO ETL with TiCl4 treatment. The fill factor and the open circuit voltage changes with varying the Sn fraction, despite similar conduction band edges. We attribute these differences to the considerable changes in the electrical resistivity of the TIO ETL. This would have a significant effect on the shunt and/or the series resistances. The TIO ETL can be continuously grown on an ITO TCO in a chamber, as ITO and TIO are composed of identical elements, which would help to reduce production time and costs.
关键词： perovskite solar cell,electron transport layer,electrical property,tin-indium-oxide,band structure,room temperature
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Effect of tantalum doping on SnO <sub/>2</sub> electron transport layer via low temperature process for perovskite solar cells
摘要： The electron transport layer (ETL) plays an important role in determining the device performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Recently, SnO2 has been used extensively as an ETL due to its many outstanding optoelectronic properties. Herein, we develop Ta doped SnO2 (Ta-SnO2) as an ETL grown by chemical bath deposition, allowing the fabrication of low-temperature PSCs. In contrast to pristine SnO2, the I-V curve and transmittance spectra show a signi?cant conductivity improvement of Ta-SnO2 without declining the light transmittance property. Meanwhile, Ta-doping could accelerate the electron transfer and decrease the recombination probability at the SnO2/perovskite interface, as well as passivate the electron traps, leading to the improvement in the PSC performance. Through a series of optimization methods, the champion device shows a power conversion ef?ciency of 20.80%, with an open-circuit voltage of 1.161 V, a short-circuit current density of 22.79 mA/cm2, and a ?ll factor of 0.786. SnO2 with a suitable Ta content is a promising candidate as an ETL for fabricating high-ef?ciency PSCs via the low-temperature process.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,Ta doping,SnO2,electron transport layer,low-temperature process
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Development of flexible, stable, and efficient inverted organic solar cells harvesting light in all directions
摘要： In this work, we designed low-cost, liquid-free, efficient, and highly flexible fiber-shaped inverted structure organic solar cells (FOSCs) over a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monofilament substrate. We also prepared a graphene–ZnO (G-ZnO) composite, wherein G sheets were compacted into a bunched-up structure through the binding force of Zn atoms with the C atoms of G. This composite was then utilized as a bifunctional layer i.e. electron transport and downconversion spectral in the FOSCs. The FOSCs based on the G-ZnO (D-1) demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.13% out of which 4.89% and 5% was retained after 8000 times bending and 120 h storage in ambient environmental conditions, respectively. The non-G-ZnO FOSCs (D-2) demonstrated a PCE of 1.78% and retained 5% and 6% of the initial value after 6000 bends and 48h of storage in ambient environmental conditions, respectively. This better performance of D-1 compared to that of D-2 is due to the interfacial functionalization of G-sheets and ZnO nanoparticles inside the G-ZnO composite. Because of these interfacial chemical bonds, the G sheets were in close contact with each other and attached firmly through the ZnO molecules. As a result, these compacted G layers could serve as a strong barrier resisting the penetration of water molecules inside the device, thereby leading to an improved lifetime for the device. Additionally, the longitudinal and cross linkage of G-sheets could improve the mechanical properties of the G-ZnO composite, which in turn enhanced the flexibility of D-1. Finally, these interface functionalizations could work as linking bridges, providing an additional pathway for the transportation of free charge carriers. Therefore, D-1 demonstrated a higher Jsc by collecting a greater number of charges at the electrode compared to D-2, because the latter lacked similar functionalization.
关键词： Electron transport layer,Mechanical and Environmental stability,G-ZnO interface chemistry,Downconversion spectral,Fiber-shaped OSCs
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Enhanced thermal stability of electron transport layer-free perovskite solar cells via interface strain releasing
摘要： The thermal decomposition of perovskite films on ZnO surfaces is generally believed to originate from specific surface states of ZnO and the impact from the lattice mismatch between ZnO and perovskite films on this process has long been ignored. In this research, the role of lattice mismatch in the thermal degradation process of cesium-containing perovskite films on Al doped ZnO (AZO) is studied. A Ba(OH)2 buffer layer on the surface of AZO is employed to release the lattice mismatch and suppress the thermal degradation of perovskite films resulted from ZnO. Consequently, perovskite films with enhanced thermal stability and crystalline properties are obtained. Meanwhile, the Ba(OH)2 films efficiently passivate the surface trap states and reduce the vacuum level of the AZO surfaces. On this basis, electron transport layer-free perovskite solar cells yield the best efficiency of 18.18% and the thermal stability is obviously improved.
关键词： Lattice mismatch,Perovskite solar cell,Electron transport layer-free,Thermal stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52