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Characterization of the morphology of titanium and titanium (IV) oxide nanolayers deposited on different substrates by application of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectometry techniques
摘要： X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and X-ray reflectometry (XRR) techniques were applied for analysis of titanium (Ti) and titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) nanolayers with thickness of 25 nm, 50 nm and 75 nm deposited on silicon, quartz and BK7 glass substrates. The aim of studies was investigating the crystal structure and morphology of the nanolayers in dependence on the substrate type. The chemical phases of nanolayers and substrates were determined by using the XRD and GIXRD measurements. The benefits of applying low angle GIXRD and XRR analytical techniques, both for substrate and nanofilm analysis, is discussed based on theoretical calculations and simulations. Additional, analytical capabilities of the XRR technique to nanolayer and substrate morphology analysis are presented. Simulated XRR curves for titanium (Ti) and titanium (IV) oxide nanolayers are discussed depending on the substrate type as well as the substrate and nanolayer roughnesses. Experimental reflectometry curves are presented for all titanium and titanium (IV) oxide nanolayers deposited on the different substrates. As the result of the XRR analysis, the nanolayer thickness and roughness together with substrate roughness are estimated. The mean values of the Ti and TiO2 layer thickness and roughness are presented for all studied samples. The largest roughness, both for nanolayers and for substrates, is obtained for BK7 glass material. In the manuscript, sample properties, experimental setups and measurement conditions are presented in details.
关键词： Titanium nanolayers,Titanium (IV) oxide nanolayers,Layer ion modification,X-ray reflectometry,Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction,Silicon, quartz substrates
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Particle atomic layer deposition
摘要： The functionalization of fine primary particles by atomic layer deposition (particle ALD) provides for nearly perfect nanothick films to be deposited conformally on both external and internal particle surfaces, including nanoparticle surfaces. Film thickness is easily controlled from several angstroms to nanometers by the number of self-limiting surface reactions that are carried out sequentially. Films can be continuous or semi-continuous. This review starts with a short early history of particle ALD. The discussion includes agitated reactor processing, both atomic and molecular layer deposition (MLD), coating of both inorganic and polymer particles, nanoparticles, and nanotubes. A number of applications are presented, and a path forward, including likely near-term commercial products, is given.
关键词： Coating,Particle ALD,Nanoparticle,Nanolayers,Atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A Study of Eu Doping in Nanolayers of CsPbBr <sub/>3</sub> using Ab Initio Calculations to Understand <i>fa??f</i> Transitions in Eu <sup>3+</sup> -Doped Nanocrystals for Light-Emitting Diodes
摘要： Recent experiments on Eu doped nanocrystals of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) show that Eu exists in 3+ oxidation state even though it substitutes Pb which is in 2+ state in these perovskites. Therefore, the question arises, what is it that leads to the formation of Eu3+ in nanocrystals of these materials? In order to understand this, we have studied the doping of Eu in a slab (~1.8 nm thick) of CsPbBr3 from ab initio calculations and explored various possibilities that could lead to the formation of Eu3+ and the occurrence of f-f transitions. These include: 1) the presence of a Cs vacancy, 2) the existence of H or OH due to moisture, 3) substitution of O at a surface halogen site, and 4) the possibility of excess halogen around Eu. It is found that the presence of surface oxygen is the most likely reason for the observation of Eu3+ in these nanolayers. Our results show the presence of partially occupied spin-up f states and 6.48 μB magnetic moment on Eu that could lead to the possibility of f-f transition in these doped systems. A similar result has also been obtained for Eu doped in CsPbCl3 nanolayers. The calculated change in energy when defects/impurities are present gives favourable indication of finding H, OH, and Br as interstitials and O as substitutional entities, but Cs vacancy is unlikely. Additionally, we find that the doping of Eu in nanolayers does not affect the atomic structure and the cost of doping is also very small making these perovskites very promising materials for light emitting diodes and other solid-state lighting applications.
关键词： Two-dimensional systems,Light emitting diodes,Solid state lighting,Density functional theory,Metal-halide perovskites,Nanolayers,Defects,f-f transitions
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Maskless Patterning of Metal Outflow in Alternating Metal/Ceramic Multiple Nanolayers by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation
摘要： In this work, solid-state metal transport from internal metal nanolayers onto the surface of metal/ceramic nano-multi-layers (NMLs) has been directed in a controlled way by femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation and subsequent low temperature thermal annealing. Laser irradiation induced modifications of the NML microstructures and stress states can be limited within the first few top nanolayers due to the focused laser energy input at the metal/ceramic interface by exploiting the local plasmonic effect. Accompanied laser peening can further refine the crystallites and introduce compressive stress at the laser-irradiated region, which reduces the activation energies for vacancy formation and migration of metal atoms in the nano-confinement. Patterned Cu surface nanostructures (outflow) appear selectively along the laser path after air annealing at temperatures down to 360 ℃. For the solid-state diffusion of Cu in confinement, in-plane metal transport along the Cu-AlN interfaces is much faster than the outward short-circuit diffusion of Cu across the AlN barrier layers. Localized metal outflow is accompanied by the collapse and sintering of the remaining AlN barrier layers, under influence of the acting capillary forces, which may further accelerate the metal transport. This laser induced maskless patterning of metal outflow is not only applicable in Cu/AlN NMLs, but also in Ag/AlN NMLs, assisted by subsequent low temperature annealing.
关键词： solid-state metal transport,laser peening,metal/ceramic nanolayers,femtosecond laser,plasmonic effect
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The Influence of the V2O5 · GeO2 Glass Phase on the Properties of AgI Nanolayers
摘要： Using X-ray phase analysis and impedance monitoring, it was shown that for a nanolayered structure, softened glass (V2O5 ? GeO2) can take an imprint from AgI lattice and retain it while being cooled to temperatures below Tg.
关键词： nanolayers,solid electrolytes,phase transitions,interfacial interactions,ionic conductivity
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Persistent hydrophilicity for Titanium oxide (TiO2) thin films by Silicon oxide (SiO2) over nanolayers
摘要： SiO2 thin layers in thicknesses (1, 5, 10, 18 nm) on TiO2 thin layer in thickness 79 nm deposited by reactive RF sputtering technique. The deposited films were heat treated at temperatures (200, 400, 500, 600°C). The surface properties of thin films by atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface chemical composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and self-cleaning effect in bi layers, were studied. In addition, enhanced hydrophilicity property in the films under the effect of annealed temperature and persistence without UV light illumination were evaluated.
关键词： Nanolayers,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),hydrophilicity,annealed temperature
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Nanolayer Research || Nanolayer Analysis by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
摘要： Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), or photoemission spectroscopy, is one of the most important and useful techniques for investigating electronic and chemical states in solids, especially in nanolayers because of its high-energy resolution and surface sensitivity [1–5]. The physics behind PES is an application of the photoelectric effect. Through photoelectric ionization by irradiating samples with X-rays, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) or ultraviolet (UV) light, the energies of the emitted photoelectrons are characteristic of their original electronic and chemical states. Therefore PES is one of the most sensitive and accurate techniques for measuring the energies and shapes of electronic states and molecular orbitals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1957 and is used to study the energy levels of atomic core electrons, mainly in solids. Siegbahn referred to the technique as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), since chemical structure can be determined by analyzing the core levels with small chemical shifts depending on the chemical environment of the atom. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.
关键词： PES,Kai Siegbahn,ESCA,XPS,Photoelectron spectroscopy,photoelectric effect,electronic states,nanolayers,chemical states
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46