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A microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell with the N-doped TiO2 photoanode for enhancing the solar energy storage
摘要： In this work, the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photocatalyst is synthesized and applied in a microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell for enhancing the solar energy storage. The use of the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode and the minimization design can ensure the visible-light response, increased specific surface area, vigorous pore structure and enhanced photon and mass transport as well as more uniform light distribution. Various characterizations are performed to evaluate the developed photocatalyst and microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell. The results confirm that the developed nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode can provide both the extended absorption spectrum and the small anatase crystal size as well as the obviously enlarged specific surface area with plentiful pore structure. Because of these merits, the microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell with the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode yield the average photocurrent density of 0.103 mA/cm2 during the long-term operation, which is much higher than those with the un-doped TiO2 photoanode (0.086 mA/cm2) and commercial P25 TiO2 photoanode (0.073 mA/cm2), presenting 19.8% and 41% improvements, respectively. The results demonstrate not only the promotion of the vanadium reversible redox pairs conversion but also the inherently excellent stability by the nitrogen-doped TiO2 photoanode.
关键词： Photoanode,N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst,Conversion rate,Microfluidic all-vanadium photoelectrochemical cell,Solar energy storage
更新于2025-11-14 17:03:37
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Optimal synthesis of antimony-doped cuprous oxides for photoelectrochemical applications
摘要： We investigated the influence of Sb dopant concentration on the structural, electrical, and photoelectrochemical properties of the photocathode cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films. The photoabsorber p-type Cu2O films were prepared by electrodeposition in ionic electrolytes including copper sulfate and antimony sulfate at 333 K and pH=10. The small amount of Sb doping contributes to the fast Cu ion transport to the substrate and ion consumption; consequently, the p-type Cu2O with high crystalline quality can be reproducibly synthesized with high electrical stability. Among the various samples, the mole fraction of c(Sb)/[c(Cu)+c(Sb)] = 0.75 mol % exhibits the best electrical resistivity and improved transparency in the infrared region, which is involved with the fast overlap of the nuclei crystals under 5 nm from the high nuclei density. Additionally, the post-thermal annealed Sb-doped Cu2O sample reveals an enhanced photocurrent of ~0.65 mA/cm2 vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) without metal catalysts.
关键词： Preferred orientation,Post annealing,Antimony doping,Photoelectrochemical cell,Cuprous oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric tungsten doping effect in bismuth vanadate based photoactive material for photoelectrochemical water splitting
摘要： In photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, BiVO4 has attracted attention due to its favorable band gap but it suffers low PEC performance due to poor conductivity. The vast majority of publications on this system has examined doping of stoichiometric composition of tungsten (W) on this system to increase bulk and interfacial conductivity while managing the contaminant generation of crystallographic defects and recombination sites. In this paper, a deep investigation was carried out to examine the effect of non-stoichiometric W doping in BiVO4 system. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric W-doped monoclinic BiVO4 (i.e. Bi1-(xtd)V1-xWxtdO4; BiV1-xWxtdO4 and BiV1-yWyO4; x ? 0.008; y ? 0.03 and d ? 0.005) were prepared using a facile dip coating technique. The stoichiometric composition contains charge balanced Bi, V and W atoms whereas non-stoichiometric compositions contain excess Bi and excess Bi and W. The non-stoichiometric composition BiV1-xWxtdO4 has shown better photoelectrochemical water splitting performance with respect to other compositions at 1.23 V vs RHE, under one sun illumination of electrode. The XRD and XPS results shows that non-stoichiometric doping with excess Bi or with excess Bi and W can possibly create an environment where V5t ions are substitutional replaced by W6t ions without generating other defects. But there was no signi?cant difference in band gap of different compositional samples observed. Further electrochemical impedance technique was used to analyze change in bulk and surface charge mobility with W-doping in BiVO4. The electrochemical impedance analysis showed the presence of low interfacial resistance, lower charge transfer resistance and high charge donor/surface state density for non-stoichiometric composition BiV1-xWxtdO4 electrode. It is evident from and cyclic voltammetry that the addition of excess Bi and W from its stoichiometric quantity ef?ciently suppressed the formation of hole-electron pair recombination sites. The electrochemical analytical results lead us to believe that the particular non-stoichiometric composition of BiV1-xWxtdO4 can signi?cantly lower trap sites and enhances kinetics of charge transfer, leading to the better photoelectrochemical water splitting performance.
关键词： Oxygen evolution,Photoelectrochemical cell,Water splitting,Bismuth vanadate,Tungsten doping
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Photoelectrochemical water splitting with p-type metal oxide semiconductor photocathodes Youn Jeong Jang[a] and Jae Sung Lee*[a]
摘要： Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising way to produce clean and sustainable hydrogen fuel. Solar hydrogen production using p-type metal oxide semiconductor photocathodes has not been studied as extensively as n-type metal oxide semiconductor photoanodes and p-type PV-grade non-oxide semiconductor photocathodes. Copper-based oxide photocathodes show relatively good conductivity but suffer from instability in an aqueous solution under illumination. On the other hands, Fe-based metal oxide photocathodes demonstrate more stable PEC performance, but have problems in charge separation and transport. In this mini-review article, we provide an overview of the recent progress in p-type metal oxide-based photocathodes for PEC water reduction. Although these materials are not fully developed up to their potential performance, the involved challenges have been identified and strategies to overcome the limitations have been proposed. Future research in this field should address these issues and challenges in addition to discovery of new materials.
关键词： metal oxides,p-type semiconductors,photoelectrochemical cell,photocathodes,solar water splitting
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Flexible TiO2-coated nanocellulose membranes incorporated with CdTe as electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells
摘要： Incorporation of quantum dots (QDs) into porous matrices has triggered the development of novel optical devices. In this work, TiO2 sensitized by CdTe incorporated into bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes were tested as photoelectrodes in a photoelectrochemical cell directed to the water splitting for hydrogen generation. The flexible membranes were produced by immersing BNC membranes in an aqueous solution of CdTe capped with glutathione (CdTe–GSH) and further deposited over a thin layer of TiO2. Incorporation of CdTe–GSH into BNC membranes was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the luminescence intensity increased with the immersion time in the CdTe–GSH solution. Field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) images revealed that the CdTe/QDs (5 nm) were homogeneously dispersed on the cellulose nanofibers. BNC/CdTe–GSH membranes was tested as photoelectrodes. Photoelectrochemical cells exhibited a significant photocurrent in wavelengths ranging from 400 to 800 nm, which indicates their potential for applications as flexible electrodes, sensors and photovoltaic systems.
关键词： Photoelectrochemical cell,Quantum dots,Bacterial nanocellulose,Water splitting,Hydrogen generation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Time Dependent Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2 Nanorods and their Photoelectrochemical Applications
摘要： In the present investigation, we report facile hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanorods with high density rutile phase on Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) for enhanced solar cell application. The structural, optical, morphological, compositional and electrochemical properties are investigated by detailed XRD, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, FESEM, TEM, EDAX, XPS and photoelectrochemical studies. It is demonstrated that, the deposited TiO2 thin film shows pure rutile phase with tetragonal crystal structure. Optical spectra showed strong light absorption in UV region and FESEM images confirm the time dependent growth of TiO2 nanorods. EDAX and XPS Spectra confirm the formation of pure TiO2 nanorods. Photoelectrochemical performance with respect to time dependent growth of TiO2 nanorods showed highest photoconversion efficiency = 5.1%.
关键词： Hydrothermal synthesis,Photoelectrochemical cell property,Single crystalline,Photoconversion efficiency,TiO2 nanorods,Transparent conducting oxide (TCO)
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Charge transportation at cascade energy structure interfaces of CuInxGa1-xSeyS2-y/CdS/ZnS for spontaneous water splitting
摘要： A photoelectrode has to generate high enough photovoltage by efficient charge separation spontaneously to split water. In this study, cascade band structures with CdS and ZnS applied to CuInxGa1-xSeyS2-y (CIGS) photoelectrode of water splitting. The morphology, the electronic and the chemical state of CIGS heterojunction films have been characterized by a scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The CIGS/CdS/ZnS photocathode shows ~400 mV anodic shift of onset potential and 0.028% efficiency for solar to hydrogen conversion when it couples with a WO3/BiVO4/Co-Pi photoanode for water splitting without external bias potential.
关键词： Photoelectrochemical cell,water splitting,CdS,CIGS,ZnS
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Tandem photoelectrochemical cells for solar water splitting
摘要： Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting without an external bias is a potential solution to the growing energy crisis because this method can directly convert solar energy into chemical energy. A tandem cell is a frequently used configuration for unassisted overall water splitting because of the advantages that each component are tied together to form a highly efficient integration. A tandem PEC water splitting device is based on different photoelectrode absorbers, and there are two main models including photoanode/photocathode (PEC/PEC) and photoelectrode/photovoltaic (PEC/PV) tandem cells. In this review, we will focus on the concepts, configurations and recent progress of PEC/PEC and PEC/PV cells. Light absorption and energy band matching are the key points to enhance the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. Promoting the performance of a standalone semiconductor material and finding new materials, coupled with an optimized configuration, are future steps for the practical application of tandem PEC cells.
关键词： Solar energy,photoelectrochemical cell,tandem cell
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Improved visible-light photocurrent based on ZnO/ZnS core–shell nanorods via interfacial engineering
摘要： Vertically aligned quasi two-dimensional (2D) ZnO nanorods (NRs) on carbon fiber paper were prepared by a modified hydrothermal approach, an individual ZnO nanorod has a diameter of 100–200 nm and a length of ~1 μm. ZnO/ZnS core-hell hierarchal structures with an outer ZnS shell of ~25 nm were fabricated under an elaborate sulfidation treatment. Compared to ZnO NRs a depressed near band emission at 380 nm and a significant enhanced visible light emission around 500 nm were observed for the ZnO/ZnS core-hell NRs from photoluminescence spectra. XPS and ESR measurements were carried out to study the ions constituents and the defects of the prepared samples. The prepared samples were used as photoelectrodes in visible-light self-powered photoelectrochemical cell-type detector. And an enhanced photocurrent of 6.79 μA was obtained, which is ten times as high as that of the bare ZnO electrode. The results show that the existence of sulfur vacancies and the formation of ZnO/ZnS heterostructure were able to promote photocurrent performance, the former increases the carrier concentration and leads to an upshift of work function; the latter makes the band bend and the photogenerated e–p pairs can be separated efficiently. The results will be helpful to implement visible-light device based on heterostructure via interfacial engineering.
关键词： visible light,carbon paper,work function,photoelectrochemical cell-type detector,ZnO/ZnS core–shell
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A solar cell that breathes in moisture for energy generation
摘要： Aiming at energy issues, alternative energy sources to fossil fuels such as solar energy, wind energy and wave energy have been well studied. However, ubiquitous atmospheric moisture as a possible alternative has not been seriously explored. Comprising of nearly 13 trillion kiloliters of water, atmospheric moisture can be best exploited as a sustainable energy resource and an abundant hydrogen source. In our present study, we have exploited moisture absorption from the air and ensuing conversion into electricity. To effectuate moisture absorption and energy conversion, a hybrid solar device was constructed by integrating tailored hygroscopic materials with photosystems stimulated by metal free organic dyes. The hygroscopic materials absorb water from humid atmospheres, serving as the source of neutral water for the photoelectrochemical reaction, thereby transducing atmospheric humidity directly into electricity and hydrogen, in the presence of light. We have also reported a significant drop in the humidity levels of a confined space from 80% to 40%. This hybrid system, when in operation, effectuates simultaneous dehumidification and a photocurrent generation of 240μA/cm2 under ambient indoor light.
关键词： atmospheric moisture capture,Super-hygroscopic hydrogel,self-sustainable dehumidification,breathable solar cell,photoelectrochemical cell
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22