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Multi-bandgap Solar Energy Conversion via Combination of Microalgal Photosynthesis and Spectrally Selective Photovoltaic Cell
摘要： Microalgal photosynthesis is a promising solar energy conversion process to produce high concentration biomass, which can be utilized in the various fields including bioenergy, food resources, and medicine. In this research, we study the optical design rule for microalgal cultivation systems, to efficiently utilize the solar energy and improve the photosynthesis efficiency. First, an organic luminescent dye of 3,6-Bis(4′-(diphenylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo3,4-c pyrrole -1,4-dione (D1) was coated on a photobioreactor (PBR) for microalgal cultivation. Unlike previous reports, there was no enhancement in the biomass productivities under artificial solar illuminations of 0.2 and 0.6 sun. We analyze the limitations and future design principles of the PBRs using photoluminescence under strong illumination. Second, as a multiple-bandgaps-scheme to maximize the conversion efficiency of solar energy, we propose a dual-energy generator that combines microalgal cultivation with spectrally selective photovoltaic cells (PVs). In the proposed system, the blue and green photons, of which high energy is not efficiently utilized in photosynthesis, are absorbed by a large-bandgap PV, generating electricity with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) in reward for narrowing the absorption spectrum. Then, the unabsorbed red photons are guided into PBR and utilized for photosynthesis with high efficiency. Under an illumination of 7.2 kWh m?2 d?1, we experimentally verified that our dual-energy generator with C60-based PV can simultaneously produce 20.3 g m?2 d?1 of biomass and 220 Wh m?2 d?1 of electricity by utilizing multiple bandgaps in a single system.
关键词： Photobioreactor,Spectrally selective photovoltaic cell,Solar energy conversion,Dual-energy generator,Microalgal photosynthesis
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Analysis of physical interaction between peroxisomes and chloroplast induced by dynamic morphological changes of peroxisomes using femtosecond laser impulsive force
摘要： Plant organelles dynamically change their morphology responding to environmental signals. To investigate the correlation between the light-dependent morphological changes of peroxisomes and interaction force between peroxisomes and chloroplasts, we applied femtosecond laser to estimate the interaction force between peroxisomes and chloroplasts. Here, we introduce our studies based on resent researches about organelles interaction.
关键词： photosynthesis,photorespiration,organelle interaction,femtosecond laser,organelle morphology
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Effect of Different Combinations of Red and Blue LED Light on Growth Characteristics and Pigment Content of In Vitro Tomato Plantlets
摘要： The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth characteristics and pigment content of tomato plantlets grown under various ratios of red (R) (661 nm) and blue (B) (449 nm) LED light. In this study, three di?erent ratios of R and B (RB) light such as 5:01, 10:01, and 19:01 along with R (100%) were used. The photosynthetic photon ?ux density (PPFD), and photoperiod of the growth chamber was 120 ± 5 μmol m?2s?1 and 16/8 h (day/night), respectively. Tomato plantlets were cultured for six weeks in the growth chamber. It was shown that tomato plantlets had higher photosynthesis rate, higher pigments content, higher growth characteristics (e.g., number of leaves, leaf area, shoot number, root number, root length, dry, and fresh mass), and greater surviving rate under the R:B = 10:01 ratio among the treatments. The plantlets showed at least a threefold decrease in photosynthesis rate, as well as a signi?cant abnormal stem elongation when grown under 100% R light. It is concluded that the RB ratio of 10:01 showed excellent performance in all growth parameters. This result has shown that the optimum lighting environment improves tomato plantlet cultures in vitro.
关键词： tomato plantlets,pigments,light-emitting diode (LED),biomass,photosynthesis
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Fluctuating light experiments and semi-automated plant phenotyping enabled by self-built growth racks and simple upgrades to the IMAGING-PAM
摘要： Background: Over the last years, several plant science labs have started to employ fluctuating growth light conditions to simulate natural light regimes more closely. Many plant mutants reveal quantifiable effects under fluctuating light despite being indistinguishable from wild?type plants under standard constant light. Moreover, many subtle plant phenotypes become intensified and thus can be studied in more detail. This observation has caused a paradigm shift within the photosynthesis research community and an increasing number of scientists are interested in using fluctuating light growth conditions. However, high installation costs for commercial controllable LED setups as well as costly phenotyping equipment can make it hard for small academic groups to compete in this emerging field. Results: We show a simple do?it?yourself approach to enable fluctuating light growth experiments. Our results using previously published fluctuating light sensitive mutants, stn7 and pgr5, confirm that our low?cost setup yields similar results as top?prized commercial growth regimes. Moreover, we show how we increased the throughput of our Walz IMAGING?PAM, also found in many other departments around the world. We have designed a Python and R?based open source toolkit that allows for semi?automated sample segmentation and data analysis thereby reducing the processing bottleneck of large experimental datasets. We provide detailed instructions on how to build and functionally test each setup. Conclusions: With material costs well below USD$1000, it is possible to setup a fluctuating light rack including a constant light control shelf for comparison. This allows more scientists to perform experiments closer to natural light conditions and contribute to an emerging research field. A small addition to the IMAGING?PAM hardware not only increases sample throughput but also enables larger?scale plant phenotyping with automated data analysis.
关键词： Photosynthesis,Do?it?yourself,Phenotyping,Maker movement,Data analysis automation,Fluctuating light
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The Development of Biophotovoltaic Systems for Power Generation and Biological Analysis
摘要： Biophotovoltaic systems (BPVs) resemble microbial fuel cells, but utilise oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms associated with an anode to generate an extracellular electrical current, which is stimulated by illumination. Study and exploitation of BPVs have come a long way over the last few decades, having benefited from several generations of electrode development and improvements in wiring schemes. Power densities of up to 0.5 W m?2 and the powering of small electrical devices such as a digital clock have been reported. Improvements in standardisation have meant that this biophotoelectrochemical phenomenon can be further exploited to address biological questions relating to the organisms. Here, we aim to provide both biologists and electrochemists with a review of the progress of BPV development with a focus on biological materials, electrode design and interfacial wiring considerations, and propose steps for driving the field forward.
关键词： photosynthesis,electrode architecture,fuel cells,biophotoelectrochemistry,biophotovoltaics
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Prediction of sunlight-driven CO2 conversion: Producing methane from photovoltaics, and full system design for single-house application
摘要： CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are being immensely researched as means to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. One approach known as artificial photosynthesis uses solar energy from photovoltaics (PV), carbon dioxide and water to generate hydrocarbon fuels, being methane (CH4) a preferential target due to the already in place infrastructures for its storage, distribution and consumption. Here, a model is developed to simulate a direct (1-step) solar methane production approach, which is studied in two scenarios: first, we compare it against a more conventional 2-step methane production route, and second, we apply it to address the energetic needs of concept buildings with usual space and domestic hot water heating requirements. The analysed 2-step process consists in the PV-powered synthesis of an intermediate fuel e syngas e followed by its conversion to CH4 via a Fischer eTropsch (methanation) process. It was found that the 1-step route could be adequate to a domestic, small scale use, potentially providing energy for a single-family house, whilst the 2-step can be used in both small and large scale applications, from domestic to industrial uses. In terms of overall solar-to-CH4 energy efficiency, the 2-step method reaches 13.26% against the 9.18% reached by the 1-step method. Next, the application of the direct solar methane technology is analysed for domestic buildings, in different European locations, equipped with a combination of solar thermal collectors (STCs) and PV panels, in which the heating needs that cannot be fulfilled by the STCs are satisfied by the combustion of methane synthesized by the PV-powered electrolyzers. Various combinations of situations for a whole year were studied and it was found that this auxiliary system can produce, per m2 of PV area, in the worst case scenario 23.6 g/day (0.328 kWh/day) of methane in Stockholm, and in the best case scenario 47.4 g/day (0.658 kWh/day) in Lisbon.
关键词： Artificial photosynthesis,Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,Photovoltaic-powered electrochemical conversion,Building-integrated solar methane,CO2 electrolysis
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Red/blue light ratio strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but hardly affects photosynthetic induction, in tomato ( <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> )
摘要： Plants are often subjected to rapidly alternating light intensity and quality. While both short- and long-term changes in red and blue light affect leaf photosynthesis, their impact on dynamic photosynthesis is not well documented. It was tested how dynamic and steady-state photosynthetic traits were affected by red/blue ratios, either during growth or during measurements, in tomato leaves. Four red/blue ratios were used: monochromatic red (R100), monochromatic blue (B100), a red/blue light ratio of 9:1 (R90B10) and a red/blue light ratio of 7:3 (R70B30). R100 grown leaves showed decreased photosynthetic capacity (maximum rates of light-saturated photosynthesis, carboxylation, electron transport and triose phosphate use), leaf thickness and nitrogen concentrations. Acclimation to various red/blue ratios had limited effects on photosynthetic induction in dark-adapted leaves. B100 grown leaves had a ~15% larger initial NPQ transient than the other treatments, which may be beneficial for photoprotection under fluctuating light. B100 grown leaves also showed faster stomatal closure when exposed to low light intensity, which likely resulted from smaller stomata and higher stomatal density. When measured under different red/blue ratios, stomatal opening rate and photosynthetic induction rate were hardly accelerated by increased fractions of blue light in both growth chamber-grown leaves and greenhouse-grown leaves. However, steady-state photosynthesis rate 30 min after photosynthetic induction was strongly reduced in leaves exposed to B100 during the measurement. We conclude that varying red/blue light ratios during growth and measurement strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but has limited effects on photosynthetic induction rate.
关键词： Solanum lycopersicum,red/blue light ratio,photosynthesis,photosynthetic induction,steady-state photosynthesis,tomato
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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The Artificial Leaf: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges
摘要： The prospect of a device that uses solar energy to split water into H2 and O2 is highly attractive in terms of producing hydrogen as a carbon-neutral fuel. In this mini review, key research milestones that have been reached in this field over the last two decades will be discussed, with special focus on devices that use earth-abundant materials. Finally, the remaining challenges in the development of such “artificial leaves” will be highlighted.
关键词： water splitting,hydrogen production,sustainable hydrogen,artificial photosynthesis,electrochemistry
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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ROLE OF CYCLIC AND PSEUDO-CYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN RESPONSE TO DYNAMIC LIGHT CHANGES IN PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS
摘要： Photosynthetic organisms support cell metabolism by harvesting sunlight and driving the electron transport chain at the level of thylakoid membranes. Excitation energy and electron flow in the photosynthetic apparatus is continuously modulated in response to dynamic environmental conditions. Alternative electron flow around photosystem I plays a seminal role in this regulation contributing to photo-protection by mitigating over-reduction of the electron carriers. Different pathways of alternative electron flow coexist in the moss Physcomitrella patens, including cyclic electron flow mediated by the PGRL1/PGR5 complex and pseudo-cyclic electron flow mediated by the flavodiiron proteins FLV. In this work we generated P. patens plants carrying both pgrl1 and flva knock-out (KO) mutations. A comparative analysis of the WT, pgrl1, flva and pgrl1 flva lines suggests that cyclic and pseudo-cyclic processes have a synergic role in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. However, while both contribute to photosystem I protection from over-reduction by modulating electron flow following changes in environmental conditions, FLV activity is particularly relevant in the first seconds after a light change while PGRL1 has a major role upon sustained strong illumination.
关键词： Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins,Photosynthesis,photoprotection,Energy metabolism,Evolution, Molecular,Bryophyta
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Advancing Terrestrial Ecosystem Science with a Novel Automated Measurement System for Sun-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence for Integration with Eddy Covariance Flux Networks
摘要： Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provides critical information on the dynamics of gross primary productivity, a unique role not readily achievable using other methods. Long-term continuous SIF observations have the potential to advance terrestrial ecosystem science. Realizing this potential, however, requires synergistic implementation of SIF measurements within eddy covariance (EC) flux networks. There is a need for SIF systems that can integrate seamlessly with EC instrumentation to maximize synergistic use of obtained data. Here, we introduce the Fluorescence Auto-Measurement Equipment (FAME) and protocol that fulfill such a purpose. FAME is designed specifically for plug-and-play integration with existing EC data acquisition systems. Its innovative hardware and software designs provide versatility, extensibility, autonomous operation, and ease of maintenance for acquiring SIF data of high quality and quantity. A major novel feature of FAME is its synchronized sampling of spectral irradiance and environmental variables, allowing for more precise interpretation of the SIF signal. FAME has been deployed since September 2016 at the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux site, providing high-quality measurements even when air temperatures approached 40?C. Results reveal that canopy SIF saturated or even slightly decreased at high light, similar to leaf-level photosynthesis. Clear diurnal hysteresis was observed: for the same light, morning SIF was higher than afternoon. Dynamic energy dissipation processes and stress-induced movements of chloroplasts and leaves may explain the observed pattern. The technology and measurement protocol introduced here advances the coordinated observation of SIF and EC fluxes and represents a step change in observational ecosystem and carbon cycle science research.
关键词： canopy photosynthesis,non-photochemical quenching,ecosystem carbon cycle,Instrument design and measurement protocol,gross primary production
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36