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Copper-Plating Metallization With Alternative Seed Layers for c-Si Solar Cells Embedding Carrier-Selective Passivating Contacts
摘要： In this article, we develop in parallel two fabrication methods for copper (Cu) electroplated contacts suitable for either silicon nitride or transparent conductive oxide antire?ective coatings. We employ alternative seed layers, such as evaporated Ag or Ti, and optimize the Ti–Cu or Ag–Cu contacts with respect to uniformity of plating and aspect ratio of the ?nal plated grid. Moreover, we test plating/deplating sequence instead of a direct current plating or the SiO2 layer approach to solve undesired plating outside the designed contact openings. The main objective of this paper is to explore the physical limit of this contact formation technology keeping the process compatible with industrial needs. In addition, we employ the optimized Cu-plating contacts in three different front/back-contacted crystalline silicon solar cells archi- tectures: 1) silicon heterojunction solar cell with hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon oxide as doped layers, 2) thin SiO2/doped poly-Si-poly-Si solar cell, and 3) hybrid solar cell endowed with rear thin SiO2/poly-Si contact and front heterojunction contact. To investigate the metallization quality, we compare fabricated devices to reference ones obtained with standard front metallization (Ag screen printing and Al evaporation). We observe a relatively small drop in VOC by 5 to 10 mV by using Cu-plating front grid, whereas ?ll factor was improved for solar cells with Cu-plated front contact if compared with evaporated Al.
关键词： Photovoltaic (PV),Si PV device fabrication,photovoltaic cells,PV process control
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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TiO2/Cu2O heterojunctions for photovoltaic cells application produced by reactive magnetron sputtering
摘要： In this work, TiO2/Cu2O heterostructures were obtained in a two-step process with a direct current magnetron sputtering method. We studied the morphological properties and composition of the thin films by scanning electron microscopy. Optical properties and energy bands at the heterojunction were recorded using a spectrophotometer. Additionally, the current–voltage characteristics examined in both total darkness and with illumination were estimated to have an irradiation (radiation flux divided by area) of 1000 W/m2.
关键词： Titanium dioxide,Thin film,Solar cells,Cuprous oxide,Photovoltaic cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Titanium Dioxide (Production, Properties and Effective Usage 2nd Revised Edition) || 9. Titanium dioxide in photovoltaic cells and chromatography
摘要： Solar cells convert the energy of light into electrical energy. State of the art silicium cells have, depending upon their design, an efficiency (the relation between delivered electrical power and the power of the incident light; physical dimension of both: Watt) of 10 to 22 %, in general about 15 %. The construction of silicium solar cells is, however, somewhat expensive because of the high purity of the silicium necessary, which is ensured by zone refining. In this process, the silicium raw crystal is drawn as a strand through a zone oven. The impurities collect in the melted front and are discarded before the purified material is processed. The so called “energetic payback time”, that is the time in operation that a solar cell needs in order to regenerate the energy that was necessary for its production, is about seven years. High hopes were therefore laid into inexpensive solar cells that were first introduced by Gr?tzel (ETH Lausanne, Switzerland) [1, 2]. They were supposed to cost only one tenth of the silicium based solar cells at a comparable performance.
关键词： solar cells,photovoltaic cells,HPLC,Titanium dioxide,chromatography,Gr?tzel cell
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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The Role of Mineral Acid Doping of PEDOT:PSS and Its Application in Organic Photovoltaics
摘要： Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most successful conducting polymers in terms of commercialization. A method to readily obtain highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS films is urgently needed. A simple method is introduced to enhance the conductivity of such films dramatically. By adding a series of mineral acids into the PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution directly, the conductivity is enhanced by 3–4 orders of magnitude. Mechanistic study reveals that the conductivity enhancement is dependent on boiling point, pKa value, softness parameter, and oxidability of the dopant acid. Specifically, acids with high boiling point, low pKa, and low softness parameter are able to induce phase separation between PEDOT and PSS, leading to secondary doping. If the dopant acid exhibits strong oxidability, the conductivity can also be enhanced via primary doping. H2SO4-doped PEDOT:PSS films exhibit the highest conductivity of 2244 S cm?1. These films are employed as the transparent electrodes of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)-based organic photovoltaic cells, and the power conversation efficiency reaches 3.13%. These results suggest direct acid doping of PEDOT:PSS solution is a facile approach to obtain highly flexible transparent electrodes.
关键词： transparent flexible electrodes,PEDOT:PSS doping,organic photovoltaic cells
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC <sub/>71</sub> BM-based organic photovoltaic cells
摘要： Herein, we report the synthesis of nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide (FeS2) nanocrystals (NCs) using a two-pot method. Moreover, we study the influence of these NCs incorporated into the PTB7:PC71BM active layer of bulk-heterojunction ternary organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The OPV devices are fabricated with the direct configuration glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTB7:PC71BM:FeS2/PFN/FM. The Field’s metal (FM) is a eutectic alloy composed of 32.5% Bi, 51% In and 16.5% Sn by weight that melts at 62 °C. It is deposited on the active layer/PFN under atmospheric conditions. Ternary active layers are prepared by adding small amounts of the semiconducting FeS2 NCs at different weight ratios of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt % with respect to the electron donor PTB7. With respect to the reference device (without FeS2), a 21% increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is observed for OPVs with 0.5 wt % FeS2, such that the PCE of the OPVs is enhanced from 5.69 to 6.47%. According to the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney statistical tests, all OPV devices follow the same trend.
关键词： iron disulfide,nanoparticles,pyrite,organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs),PTB7
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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New dielectric/metal/dielectric electrode for organic photovoltaic cells using Cu:Al alloy as metal
摘要： Given the rapidly increasing demand for flexible and inexpensive optoelectronic devices, it is necessary to find a substitute for ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). Among the considered alternatives, we have chosen in the present work Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (D/M/D) trilayer structures deposited under vacuum. In these D/M/D structures, when Ag is the metal, highly performing and stable Transparent Conductive Electrodes (TCEs) are obtained. When Ag is replaced by Cu, which is far less expensive, results are not similar due to the tendency of Cu to diffuse into the transition metal oxides. Therefore we improve the stability of the new TCEs by using the Cu alloy Cu:Ag in ZnS/M/WO3 structures. The best results were obtained when M = Cu:Ag (16 nm)/Ag (1 nm). Flexible and quite stable TCEs were obtained. These new TCEs are conductive and transparent with a figure of merit of 6.5 x 10-3?-1 and a quite small Root Mean Squared Roughnessis (RMS = 1.1 nm). Therefore, they were introduced as anode in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). In the same time, ZnS/Ag/TiO2 TCE were probed. These ZnS/Ag/TiO2 structures were transparent and conductive with optical and electrical performances similar to those of ITO, but, when used as anode, the OPVs performances were limited by the presence of Ag at the surface of the structures. In the other hand, the results obtained with ZnS/M/WO3 structures were very promising with an open circuit voltage, Voc, and a short circuit current, Jsc, whose values are slightly higher than those obtained with ITO. Nevertheless the fill factor FF is sensibly smaller, which is attributed to the presence of some Cu at the surface of the electrode.
关键词： Cu:Ag alloy,Transparent conductive electrode,organic photovoltaic cells,dielectric-metal-dielectric structures,Indium free electrode
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Modeling Methodology for Determining Energy Collection Potential of Photovoltaics Applied To Curved Surfaces
摘要： Arrays of periodic one-dimensional nanomaterials offer tunable optical properties in terms of light–matter interaction which are attractive for designing efficient optoelectronic devices. This paper presents a fabrication of bottom-up grown nanopillar (NP) array solar cells based on n-i-p thin-film amorphous silicon using scaffolds of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) array. The effects of varying the CNT spacing over the range from 800 to 2000 nm on optical and electrical properties of the solar cells were investigated. The NP solar cell with CNT spacing of 800 nm exhibited ‘moth-eye’ broadband antireflection behavior, showing an average reflectance value lower than 10%. The enhanced optical absorption translated to significant enhancements in photocurrent and quantum efficiency compared to a conventional planar solar cell under low light condition. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the NP solar cell was found systematically correlated with the CNT spacing and the illumination condition. The results presented here is of importance for developing high efficiency one-dimensional nanostructured solar cells.
关键词： photovoltaic cells,nanostructured materials,nanophotonics,Amorphous silicon,carbon nanotube (CNT)
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Electrochemical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using HDA Capped-SnS Nanocrystal from bis (N-1,4-Phenyl-N-Morpho-Dithiocarbamato) Sn(II) Complexes
摘要： Great consideration is placed on the choice of capping agents’ base on the proposed application, in order to cater to the particular surface, size, geometry, and functional group. Change in any of the above can influence the characteristics properties of the nanomaterials. The adoption of hexadecylamine (HDA) as a capping agent in single source precursor approach offers better quantum dots (QDs) sensitizer materials with good quantum efficiency photoluminescence and desirable particles size. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical instruments were used to evaluate the characterization and efficiency of the sensitizers. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results display both reduction and oxidation peaks for both materials. XRD for SnS/HDA and SnS photosensitizers displays eleven peaks within the values of 27.02 for SnS in correlation to the orthorhombic structure. Current density–voltage (I–V) results for SnS/HDA exhibited a better performance compared to SnS sensitizers. Bode plot results indicate electrons lifetime (τ) for SnS/HDA photosensitizer have superiority to the SnS photosensitizer. The results connote that SnS/HDA exhibited a better performance compared to SnS sensitizers due to the presence of HDA capping agent.
关键词： photovoltaic cells,quantum dots,semiconductors,electrochemical,single-source precursor
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Solar spectral conversion based on plastic films of lanthanide-doped ionosilicas for photovoltaics: down-shifting layers and luminescent solar concentrators
摘要： The mismatch between the photovoltaic (PV) cells absorption and the solar irradiance on earth is one of the major limitations towards more efficient PV energy conversion. This aspect was addressed by down-shifting the solar irradiance on Earth through luminescent down-shifting layers based on lanthanide-doped surface-functionalized ionosilicas (ISs) embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) coated on the surface of commercial Si-based PV cells. The IS-PMMA hybrid materials exhibit efficient solar radiation harvesting (spectral overlap of ~ 9.5· 1019 photons/(s· m)) and conversion (quantum yield ~ 52%). The direct solar radiation and the down-shifted radiation are partially guided and lost through total internal reflection to the layer edges being unavailable for PV conversion of the coated PV cell. By tuning the down-shifting layer thickness, it also acts as luminescent solar concentrator enabling the collection of the guided radiation by flexible PV cells applied on the borders of the down-shifting layer leading to an enhancement of the PV energy conversion from ~ 5% (in the case of the single-use of the luminescent down-shifting layer) to ~ 13% comparing to the bare PV cell. The overall electrical output of the device resulted in an absolute external quantum efficiency increase of ~32% for the optimized Eu3+-based films in the UV spectral region (compared with the bare PV device, which is among the best values reported so far).
关键词： silicon photovoltaic cells,photovoltaics,ionosilicas,lanthanides,luminescent solar concentrators,down-shifting layers
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Performance enhancement of photovoltaic modules by nanofluid cooling: A comprehensive review
摘要： Only 15-20% of solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic (PV) cells is utilized which further reduces due to the rise in the temperature of the PV module and it also degrades the lifespan of the PV module. Therefore, numerous attempts were made to reduce this rising temperature of the PV module and different cooling techniques were employed. Nanofluid cooling is one of the potential cooling techniques for lowering the temperature of the PV module and augmenting the heat transfer by increasing the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid relative to the base fluid (BF). The experimental and numerical studies related to the cooling of PV cells with nanofluids have been reviewed. It was found that the heat transfer from the back of the PV module is enhanced with the augmentation in the concentration of nanoparticle in BF; however, some studies also demonstrate that the enhancement in the heat transfer also depends upon other factors such as the geometry at the rear of the PV module, nanoparticle material, nanoparticle size, BF, ambient conditions, etc. This review article also demonstrates the various issues with nanofluids such as instability, technological difficulties, high system costs, and the impossibility of finding a viable operational design which creates a barrier in the commercialization of the nanofluid cooling technique for PV modules.
关键词： photo-electric conversion efficiency,PV module cooling,photovoltaic cells,nanofluid cooling
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52