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Improvement of Ga distribution with Sb incorporation for two-step low-temperature processing of CIGSe thin film solar cells
摘要： In this study, the application of Sb incorporation for low-temperature (≤ 450 °C) processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells is explored. At low reaction temperature, most Ga remains at the back of the ?lm adjacent to the Mo back contact. We observed that the incorporated Sb enhanced grain size and improved device performance compared with similarly processed CIGSe ?lms made without Sb. From the energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry results, it was determined that elemental Ga accumulation at the back of the reacted ?lm after the two-step selenization process was signi?cantly alleviated owing to Sb incorporation. Signi?cant Sb-induced grain size enhancement was con?rmed using cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy. The electronic and optical properties of the Sb incorporated CIGSe ?lms were examined with admittance spectroscopy and ?uorescence lifetime imaging techniques.
关键词： Ga distribution,Thin ?lm solar cell,Sb incorporation,Low temperature process
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Complementary Chromophore Decoration in NU-1000 via Solvent-Assisted Ligands Incorporation: Efficient Energy Transfer within the Metal-Organic Frameworks
摘要： BODIPY-incorporated solvent-assisted ligand incorporation metal-organic frameworks (SALI-MOFs) were designed and synthesized using NU-1000 and carboxylic acid functionalized BODIPY moieties by the solvent-assisted ligand incorporation (SALI) approach. SALI-MOFs were characterized by various technique including powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The SALI-MOFs were found to have cooperative light-harvesting properties and shown to possess efficient singlet oxygen (1O2) generation ability.
关键词： Light-harvesting properties,Singlet oxygen,Metal-organic frameworks,Solvent-assisted ligands incorporation,Energy transfer,BODIPY
更新于2025-11-14 15:14:40
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Low-damage nitrogen incorporation in graphene films by nitrogen plasma treatment: Effect of airborne contaminants
摘要： Graphene films grown on copper by chemical vapor deposition were exposed to the late afterglow of a reduced-pressure N2 plasma sustained by microwave electromagnetic fields. X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies reveal extremely high incorporation of plasma-generated N atoms into the graphene film (N/C = 29%) while maintaining an unprecedentedly low-damage generation (D:G = 0.35-0.45) compared to the literature (0.5 to 2.5). The incorporation dynamics between graphene on copper and graphene on copper oxide are also compared and discussed. After transfer on SiO2/Si substrate, the N/C content decrease to only 6%. This reveals that a large part of the N atoms are weakly bonded to the graphene surface. Most of the nitrogen incorporation seems linked to the functionalization of weakly bonded hydrocarbons initially adsorbed from air exposure or carbon-nitrogen structures arising from plasma-surface interactions.
关键词： X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,graphene,downstream plasma treatment,N-incorporation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Effect of photochemical advanced oxidation processes on the formation potential of emerging disinfection by-products in groundwater from part of the Pannonian Basin
摘要： This study evaluates the effect of photochemical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (O3/UV, H2O2/UV and O3/H2O2/UV) on the formation potential (FP) of emerging disinfection by-products including nitrogenous by-products (N-DBPs) and haloketones (HKs) in groundwater from part of the Pannonian Basin (AP Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia). Among the N-DBPs, the haloacetonitrile (HAN) precursor contents were 9.83 ± 0.59 μg/L while precursors of halonitromethanes, particularly trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were not detected. Similarly, precursors of HKs as carbonaceous DBPs were also not detected in raw water. Ozonation alone and H2O2/UV process with a lower UV dose maximally decomposed HAN precursors (about 70%) while during O3 based AOPs, HANFP varied significantly. Application of UV photolysis and H2O2/UV processes with increasing UV dose doubled the HANFP. Ozone alone, O3/UV and H2O2/UV slightly increased HKs formation potential, particularly 1,1-Dichloro-2-propanone FP (0.93 ± 0.21 to 2.01 ± 0.37 μg/L). None of the investigated treatments influenced the formation of TCNM precursors. The effect of the applied treatments on bromide incorporation was the most evident for HANs.
关键词： emerging disinfection by-products,ozone,bromide incorporation,photochemical advanced oxidation processes
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Properties of Au incorporated In2O3 films
摘要： Effect of gold loading on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of RF magnetron sputtered In2O3 films is discussed. Annealing is done to analyse the properties of heavily Au loaded In2O3 film after thermal treatment. Au acts as a nucleation centre and improves the crystalline quality of cubic bixbyite In2O3 films with moderate Au loading concentration. FESEM and AFM images of the as-deposited films present smooth surface morphology with a dense distribution of small grains. Random distribution of Au nanorods can be seen in the FESEM image of the 10 wt% Au incorporated film annealed at a temperature of 400 °C. The present study reveals the formation of smooth, crack-free, crystalline In2O3 films with Au incorporation. XPS analysis suggests the predominance of metallic state of Au in the Au loaded films. Absorption studies show an enhanced absorption in both as-deposited and annealed Au loaded films. Transmittance of In2O3 films is considerably modified but electrical properties are not much modified by Au incorporation. Enhancement in UV luminescence emission of In2O3 films ~378 nm is observed with Au incorporation up to 3 wt%. Intense UV emission in Au incorporated films opens a possibility of using these films for UV light emission applications.
关键词： Au incorporation,In2O3,UV emission enhancement,Au nanoclusters,Surface plasmon resonance
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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High-voltage regrown nonpolar m-plane vertical p-n diodes: A step toward future selective-area-doped power switches
摘要： We report high-voltage regrown nonpolar m-plane p-n diodes on freestanding GaN substrates. Secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements indicate O and Si spikes at the regrowth interfaces with maximum concentration ~ 5×1017 cm-3, which is similar to previously published c-plane studies. A high blocking voltage of 540 V at ~ 1 mA/cm2 (corresponding to an electric field of E ~ 3.35 MV/cm), turn-on voltages between 2.9-3.1 V, specific on-resistance of 1.7 mΩ.cm2 at 300 A/cm2, and a minimum ideality factor of 1.7 were obtained for the regrown diodes. Our results suggest that Si, O and C interfacial impurity levels up to 2×1017 cm-3, 8×1017 cm-3, and 1×1019 cm-3, respectively, at the metallurgical junction of m-plane p-n diodes do not result in very early breakdown in the reverse bias, although the off-state leakage current in forward bias is affected. The impact of growth interruption/regrowth on diode performance is also investigated.
关键词： Selective-area doping,GaN,Specific on-resistance,Impurity incorporation,Avalanche breakdown,Leakage currents,Ideality factor,Nonpolar,SIMS,Vertical p-n diodes
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Potassium Induced Phase Stability Enables Stable and Efficient Widea??Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The incorporation of potassium can remarkably stabilize wide-bandgap perovskites with a high Br content by the synergistic effect of the formation of 2D K2PbI4 at the grain boundaries and the interstitial occupancy in the perovskite lattices, which can effectively reduce the trap density and inhibit ion migration, thus suppressing the nonradiative recombination and photoinduced phase segregation.
关键词： phase segregation,wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells,potassium incorporation,defect passivation
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Performance and stability enhancement of Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells on ultrathin glass by potassium incorporation
摘要： Flexible Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells fabricated on metal foils and plastics have achieved high conversion efficiency so far. However, metal impurities and low temperature tolerance hinder them from further considerable development. Here, 150 lm-thick ultrathin glass with desirable advantages was applied as substrate for Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cell. Potassium element was doped by a simple method during the post-selenization process. The results showed that the KInSe2 phase existed in K-doped Cu(InGa)Se2 films. The K-doped CIGS films were more compact than the pristine one due to the fact that K incorporated in films could form quasi-liquid alkali-metal-Se compounds and improve the compactness of films. K-incorporated CIGS films exhibited enhanced p-type conductivity and different surface energy level. Consequently, K-doped Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cell achieved an optimal efficiency of 8.3%, which was relatively 43% higher than that of pristine solar cell. Investigation of performance and stability of solar cells manifested that the K incorporation retarded the performance degradation of device during cyclic bending.
关键词： Potassium incorporation,Ultrathin glass,Cu(InGa)Se2,Thin films,Solar energy materials
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Incorporation of K<sup>+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup> during the formation of Ta<sub>3</sub>N<sub>5</sub> with heat-treatment of Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>–AlN mixtures without flowing ammonia
摘要： A tantalum(V) nitride (Ta3N5)-containing powder for non-toxic red pigments was prepared by heat-treatment for the mixed powders of tantalum(V) oxide (Ta2O5), aluminum nitride and potassium fluoride in nitrogen atmosphere without flowing ammonia. The foreign ions of K+ and Al3+ were incorporated into Ta3N5 in the synthetic process. The incorporation of the ions had an influence on the hue of Ta3N5. It can coordinate a reddish color of Ta3N5 pigments.
关键词： Tantalum nitride,Pigment,Non-toxic,Al,Color,Incorporation,Ta3N5,K
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Fluorescent emission from a natural carbon matrix incorporating sodium
摘要： The process of functionalization of metals in natural carbon matrices has become an important area of research due to its improved properties and applications. Carbon materials possessing photoluminescence (PL) properties find a wide range of applications in photonics. Among the various carbon materials available in nature, cellulose has critical importance since it is the most abundant and wide-spread biopolymer on Earth, and also, the important component in plants’ skeleton. In the present work, the functionalized carbonaceous material is prepared by the hydrothermal treatment of natural cellulosic source Aloe Vera and the metallic element sodium is properly incorporated into it by adding sodium borohydride to observe the fluorescence emission changes. The incorporation of metal ions in the carbon matrix leads to structural modifications and properties as evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray dot mapping, X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical emission characteristics are studied using Photoluminescence spectroscopy, CIE plot, power spectrum, color purity, and quantum yield. The excitation wavelength dependent photoluminescence emission mechanism shown by the carbon–metal incorporated products obtained from the cellulosic raw materials makes them suitable for biomedical and biosensing applications because of the non-toxic and eco-friendly nature.
关键词： Photoluminescence,Hydrothermal treatment,Sodium incorporation,Carbon matrix,Aloe Vera
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01