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The Effect of Titanium (IV) Chloride Surface Treatment to Enhance Charge Transport and Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
摘要： In this study, the photovoltaic and electrochemical characteristics of the dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) after Titanium (IV) Chloride (TiCl4) treatment on a TiO2 photoelectrode were investigated. Photoelectrodes of untreated, pre-TiCl4 and post-TiCl4 treatment were prepared to form a complete DSSC. The photoelectrode was sensitised in 40mM of TiCl4 solution at 80 °C for 30 minutes, and then it is sintered at 500 °C. The morphology of photoelectrodes has been studied using FESEM, and it was found that, after TiCl4 treatment, the particle necking and particle size of TiO2 nanoparticles were increased significantly. Therefore, it improved the electron transfer path on the TiO2 layer. Subsequently, the the light absorption intensity after post-TiCl4 treatments was increased due to strong adhesion and homogeneity of the TiO2 layer on the FTO substrate, which results in higher current density and photon-conversion efficiency by 18.95 mAcm-2 and 8.03% when compared to an untreated electrode at 12.1 mAcm-2 and 4.08% (increment of 56.7% and 96.9%), respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy used to study the internal electrochemical characteristics of DSSC after the treatment. Thus, it proves that the treatment suppresses the charge recombination between TiO2 and the electrolyte interface by increasing charge transfer resistance after post-TiCl4 treatment by 24.06Ω from 16.11Ω for untreated photoelectrodes (increment of 49.39%). The electron lifetime also improved from 0.4 to 1.59 ms, which results in the enhancement of charge collection efficiency after post-treatment by 31.09% compared to the untreated electrode. Improvement of charge collection efficiency indicated that the TiCl4 treatment had played an important role in charge separation and charge collection on the TiO2 and electrolyte interface of DSSC.
关键词： charge transport,DSSC surface treatment,TiCl4,charge collection efficiency (CCE)
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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The effect of TiCl <sub/>4</sub> treatment on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells
摘要： Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used to form the anode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and is thus one of the crucial components of this type of solar cell. A large range of treatments of the titania anode before deposition of the dye have been applied to improve the performance of DSSCs among which the TiCl4 treatment is the most frequently used treatment. The present study investigates how the TiCl4 treatment of the TiO2 changes the anode. For this purpose, different sample sets, nontreated, post-treated, and pre-post treated cells, were fabricated and analyzed with electron and ion scattering spectroscopy to investigate how they change the titania surface and consequently influence the cell performance. After the TiCl4 treatment, the short circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and efficiency significantly improved. An upward shift in the conduction band of the semiconductor as an effect of TiCl4 treatment was measured using inverse photoemission spectroscopy and UV-photoelectron spectroscopy. An increase in dye adsorption due to the treatment was found through neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy measurement. The change in the energy level alignment of the titania and the adsorbed dye and the increase in dye loading explain the threefold increase of power conversion of the cells.
关键词： TiO2,dye-sensitized solar cells,electron and ion scattering spectroscopy,power conversion efficiency,TiCl4 treatment
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A new approach to understanding the deficiency of backside illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells’ fill factor as a result of cracking of the TNAs
摘要： In this work, a new approach was taken to gain an insight into the deficiency of backside illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells’ fill factor as a result of cracking of the TNAs. In order to obtain cracked and non-cracked TNAs and compare their properties and performance in backside illuminated DSSCs, anodization was carried out respectively using pretreated Ti substrates covered with TiO2 nanoparticles and bare Ti substrates. To cover the Ti substrates with 20-30 nanometer-sized TiO2 nanoparticles, they were conventionally TiCl4 treated. The SEM images of the anodized TNAs approved the sever and wide cracking of the TNAs grown on TiCl4 treated Ti substrates compared to those of grown on bare Ti substrates. The reason for this phenomenon could be the accumulation and stacking of the nanoparticles among the bundles of the TNAs. It is approved by narrower peaks of the XRD patterns for TiCl4 treated TNAs and the observed stacks of nanoparticles in the intersectional SEM images. The anodized TNAs grown both on TiCl4 treated and bare Ti substrates were applied as photoanodes in backside illuminated DSSCs. All the photovoltaic parameters other than fill factor and the consequent efficiency obtained from both the grown TNAs on TiCl4 treated and bare Ti substrates were equal. Whereas, the fill factor and efficiency of the DSSCs using cracked TNAs (grown on TiCl4 treated Ti substrates) were approximately 9% lower. This deficiency of the DSSCs is attributed to the presence of the nanoparticles and cracking of the TNAs which result in an increase of series resistance in the cell.
关键词： TiCl4 treatment,TiO2 nanotube arrays,Fill factor,Backside illuminated DSSCs
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells || Function of <scp>TiCl</scp><sub/>4</sub> Posttreatment in Photoanode
摘要： Energy is the key factor for any living creature to exist in this universe. The advent of industrialization and increase in population have led to a surge in the crisis for energy. The reduction of our dependence on fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas), as well as the evolution towards a cleaner future, requires the large deployment of sustainable renewable energy sources. Among them solar energy is the most abundant and also available throughout the year. Moreover, the solar energy has the greatest potential to fulfill the thirst for energy and the need for innovation of clean and eco-friendly technologies. In this perspective, developing solar cells is one of the best approaches to convert solar energy into electrical energy based on photovoltaic effect. Solar cells based on crystalline silicon and thin film technologies are often referred to as first- and second-generation solar cells. The demerits in that are the limited availability and the cost of silicon. An emerging third-generation photovoltaics have been developed as an alternate to it. These include Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic photovoltaic, quantum dots and recently perovskite solar cells. DSSCs based on nanocrystalline TiO2 as a photo-anode have attracted a lot of scientific and technological interest since their breakthrough in 1991 [1]. The two main functional aspects of charge generation and transport are no longer combined in one material but separated in different materials, i.e. a sensitizing dye, a wide-band-gap semiconductor (TiO2), and a liquid redox electrolyte [2].
关键词： photoanode,TiO2,dye-sensitized solar cells,electron transport,TiCl4 posttreatment,dye adsorption,photocurrent generation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2019 26th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD) - Kyoto, Japan (2019.7.2-2019.7.5)] 2019 26th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD) - Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Entire Low-Temperature Processes via Brookite TiO <sub/>2</sub> Nanoparticle Electron Transport Layer
摘要： Electron transport layer (ETL) is well known as a crucial factor that affects power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Low temperature process on ETL has been highly considered for the future of low cost and roll to roll process in mass production of PSCs industrialization. Herein, we demonstrate the low-temperature (<180 oC) processes of pure phase, single crystalline brookite TiO2 nanoparticle (BK TiO2 NPs) layer as an ETL of PSCs, followed by different concentrations of TiCl4 treatment (20mM, 40mM, 60mM and 80mM). By using BK TiO2 NPs with the low temperature process (<180 oC), our device exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 15.49% in planar-type PSCs, indicating that the BK TiO2 NPs layer is a new candidate of ETL that can be fabricated in low temperature processes. The optimized TiCl4 concentration is 40mM for the surface treatment of BK TiO2 NPs, which results in the enhancement of PCE, reproducibility and the supression of hysteresis. Probably, the 40mM of TiCl4 treatment improves the interface between the perovskite and BK TiO2 NPs layers and promotes the efficient charge extraction. Thus, the present work is expected to provide an important technology to realize the low-cost planar PSCs produced in entire low-temperature processes.
关键词： electron transport layer,perovskite solar cells,TiCl4 treatment,brookite TiO2 nanoparticles,low-temperature processes
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Re-evaluating TiCl4 and UV assays for detection of vicine and convicine in high-throughput screening of immature and mature seeds of faba bean
摘要： Genomic resources have just started to focus on the faba bean; the genes for synthesis of vicine and convicine (V-C) have not been determined, and recently developed genetic markers for these anti-nutritionals have not been used to examine these traits in very large scale in faba bean. Simple, rapid and cost-effective technologies are crucial in crop breeding programs, especially in the developing world, and in some cases, traditional methodologies are used in combination with genetic markers to assess agronomic traits and the value of gene markers. Here, two methodologies (TiCl4 assay and 274 nm absorption) are re-evaluated for their application in detection of V-C in faba beans. In comparison with TiCl4 assay, the method of 274 nm UV absorption without an HPLC analysis offers more reliable analysis for detection of V-C in immature and mature seeds of faba bean. Its application in high throughput screening by 60 min agitation of immature seeds or mature seed flour in 2% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) allows quick screening of low V-C faba beans. The level of V-C was maximum when seed moisture was 80% and V-C level was measured as 0.92% in CDC Fatima flour. Though V-C from 2% TCA extract of mature and immature seeds of CDC Fatima was detected by 274 wavelength in the TiCl4 assay reaction, a Ti-aglycone complex was not clearly detectible at 480 nm as previously suggested.
关键词： TiCl4 assay,Vicine,faba bean,convicine,UV assay,seed,high throughput
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Preparation of TiO <sub/>2</sub> nanoparticles by hydrolysis of TiCl <sub/>4</sub> using water and glycerol solvent system
摘要： The anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by precipitation method using TCl4 as a precursor in a new reaction medium containing water and glycerol. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The Raman spectra indicate the formation of crystalline anatase phase TiO2 NPs after calcination at 300 and 4000C. TiO2 NPs formation was confirmed by observing the major characteristic, FT-IR vibration bands of Ti-O network. The band gap calculated from UV-Vis DRS spectra ranged from 3.02-3.28 eV. FESEM images exhibit spherical shape TiO2 NPs in the form of nano-clusters with crystallite sizes ranged from 9.50-26.14 nm. FESEM images show that as the calcination temperature increases, the sizes of the TiO2 NPs also increase. The inclusion of glycerol promotes the formation of smaller particles and lowers the band gap of TiO2 NPs.
关键词： precipitation method,TiO2 nanoparticles,hydrolysis,anatase phase,Raman spectroscopy,FESEM,UV-Visible spectroscopy,water and glycerol solvent system,FT-IR,TiCl4
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Effect of TiCl4 Treatment on Different TiO2 Blocking Layer Deposition Methods
摘要： Organolead halid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells with all-mesoporous device structure were fabricated with TiO2 blocking layer created by two different methods. Three groups of devices were tested. The TiO2 blocking layer of group 1 was spin-coated with conventional method, while that of groups 2 and 3 was grown by magnetron sputtering of metallic Ti and followed thermal oxidation. Different durations (0, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) of TiCl4 treatment were used during fabrication to study how the performance of each group of solar cells was affected. For all groups of samples, it was obvious that treated samples had much better I-V characteristics that non-treated, with up to 50% improvement in PCE. The difference in the performance improvement was investigated.
关键词： TiCl4 treatment,Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs),TiO2 blocking layer
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14