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Inconel625/316L functionally graded material using spectral diagnostics during laser additive manufacturing process
摘要： In this paper, the composition of Inconel625/316L functionally graded material during the additive manufacturing process was monitored on-line by laser-induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Several spectral lines are used to establish the quantitative relationship between relative intensity, relative intensity ratio, plasma temperature, and functional gradient material composition variation. It is shown that the change between relative strength and compositional content is similar to actual expectations. But, the relationship between the relative intensity with Inconel625 content is nonlinear. Cr-I/Ni-I relative intensity ratios almost linearly decrease with increasing Inconel625 content. The linear correlation coe?cient of the best ?tted curve was 0.943, and the maximum percentage error was 7.5%. The plasma temperature was obtained by the Boltzmann plot using ?ve neutral chrome lines between 330 and 380 nm. Plasma temperature almost linearly increases with increasing Inconel625 content in a range. The linear correlation coe?cient of the plasma temperature ?tted straight line was 0.93, and the maximum percentage error was 2.7%. The feasibility of composition monitoring of gradient materials by spectral information during the additive manufacturing process was veri?ed.
关键词： plasma temperature,spectral diagnosis,laser additive manufacturing,composition monitoring
更新于2025-11-28 14:24:20
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Determination of nanoscale titanium oxide thin film phase composition using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band analysis
摘要： The phase compositions of nanoscale thick titania films on the titanium were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band analysis for the first time, by deconvoluting the two-peak structure of valence band into five peaks and analysing the relative peak area. The titania films of thickness varying from about 2 nm to 8 μm were obtained by the air oxidation of commercially pure titanium at different temperatures. The titania films formed on titanium for oxidizing temperatures up to 200 °C were amorphous, with thickness < 10 nm. The sub-stoichiometric oxides present at the TiO2-Ti interface were composed of Ti3+, Ti2+ and Ti1+ states when the film of thickness was < 10 nm. At 300 °C, when the titania film thickness was < 20 nm, it was fully converted to rutile phase and remained stable up to 1000 °C. A broadening of full-width half-maxima of the core level peaks for the titania layers was attributed to the presence of surface hydroxyl group and stress gradient within the oxide layer. The absence of metastable anatase phase in the titania layers at lower temperatures was attributed to the presence of high stresses within the oxide layers owing to their nanoscale thickness.
关键词： X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,Thin film,Valence band,Surface phase composition,Titania,Titanium
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Effect of Substrate Temperature on Properties of Nickel Oxide (NiO) Thin Films by Spray Pyrolysis
摘要： NiO thin films were deposited on a glass substrate and investigated for the physical properties optimized through substrate temperature (350–390°C) using a spray pyrolysis technique. The effect of substrate temperature on deposited NiO thin film was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis, X-diffraction (XRD), field electron scanning electron microscopy, optical absorption and electrical measurement techniques. XRD analysis indicates that NiO thin films are of a polycrystalline cubic structure. Optical properties are calculated with help of transmittance and absorbance data in the wavelength range between 200 nm and 900 nm. The optical band gap energy values increased from 3.1 eV to 4.0 eV with substrate temperature. Further, the extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and optical conductivities of NiO thin films were calculated. The electrical resistivity measurement shows conductivity of the NiO thin film increased with increase in substrate temperature.
关键词： composition,spray,semiconducting behavior,electrical properties,NiO
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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Raman Spectroscopic and Microscopic Analysis for Monitoring Renal Osteodystrophy Signatures
摘要： Defining the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) and its treatment efficacy are difficult, since many factors potentially affect bone quality. In this study, confocal Raman microscopy and parallel statistical analysis were used to identify differences in bone composition between healthy and ROD bone tissues through direct visualization of three main compositional parametric ratios, namely, calcium content, mineral-to-matrix, and carbonate-to-matrix. Besides the substantially lower values found in ROD specimens for these representative ratios, an obvious accumulation of phenylalanine is Raman spectroscopically observed for the first time in ROD samples and reported here. Thus, elevated phenylalanine could also be considered as an indicator of the disease. Since the image results are based on tens of thousands of spectra per sample, not only are the average ratios statistically significantly different for normal and ROD bone, but the method is clearly powerful in distinguishing between the two types of samples. Furthermore, the statistical outcomes demonstrate that only a relatively small number of spectra need to be recorded in order to classify the samples. This work thus opens the possibility of future development of in vivo Raman sensors for assessment of bone structure, remodeling, and mineralization, where different biomarkers are simultaneously detected with unprecedented accuracy.
关键词： Raman spectroscopy,bone composition,statistical analysis,renal osteodystrophy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Instrumentation effects on U and Pu CBNM standards spectra quality measured on a 500 mm <sup>3</sup> CdZnTe and a 2×2 inch LaBr <sub/>3</sub> detectors
摘要： Nowadays, there is interest in developing gamma-ray measuring devices based on the room temperature operated medium resolution detectors such as semiconductor detectors of the CdZnTe type and scintillators of the LaBr3 type. This is true also for safeguards applications and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has launched a project devoted to the assessment of medium resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy for the verification of the isotopic composition of U and Pu bearing samples. This project is carried out within the Non-Destructive Assay Working Group of the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA). In this study we analyze medium resolution spectra of U and Pu standards with the aim to develop an isotopic composition determination algorithm, particularly suited for these types of detectors. We show how the peak shape of a CdZnTe detector is influenced by the instrumentation parameters. The experimental setup consisted of a 500 mm3 CdZnTe detector, a 2x2 inch LaBr3 detector, two types of measurement instrumentation – an analogue one and a digital one, and a set of certified samples – a 207Bi point source and U and Pu CBNM standards. The results of our measurements indicate that the lowest contribution to the peak asymmetry and thus the smallest impact on the resolution of the 500 mm3 CdZnTe detector was achieved with the digital MCA. Analysis of acquired spectra allowed to reject poor quality measurement runs and produce summed spectra files with the least impact of instrumentation instabilities. This work is preliminary to further studies concerning the development of an isotopic composition determination algorithm particularly suited for CZT and LaBr3 detectors for safeguards applications.
关键词： LaBr3,isotopic composition,uranium enrichment,medium resolution,safeguards,CdZnTe
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Diode Array Near Infrared Spectrometer Calibrations for Composition Analysis of Single Plant Canola (Brassica napus) Seed
摘要： A canola breeder needs an accurate, rapid, non-destructive method for analyzing seeds from a single plant to select the most promising samples for further breeding trials. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used for quantitative analysis of oilseeds in a non-destructive manner. This research was aimed at developing NIRS calibration models for single plant canola seed using a diode array NIRS (950-1650 nm wavelength range), multivariate prediction models, and a mirrored sample cup. Eighteen different NIRS calibration models were developed using 100 samples for each constituent with different pre-processing techniques (mean center, derivatives, variates) and models (PLS, PCR). The relative performance of different calibration models for each constituent was compared using R2, SEP, and ratio performance deviation (RPD) values obtained from the validation set of 30 samples. NIRS models developed using the PLS regression algorithm for moisture content (R2 = 0.97, SEP = 0.32, RPD = 6.13) and oil content (R2 = 0.84, SEP = 0.61, RPD = 4.16) were successful. However, acceptable NIRS models were not obtained for fatty acid and glucosinolates content likely due to limited variability and low levels of the constituent and a narrow wavelength range of the DA-NIR instrument.
关键词： Moisture content,Diode array,Fatty acid composition,Mirrored cup,DA-NIRS,Oil content,Oleic acid,Stearic acid,NIRS calibration model,Palmitic acid
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Hyperspectral imaging for non-destructive prediction of total nitrogen concentration in almond kernels
摘要： There is increasing awareness of the need to consume high-quality foods because of health concerns. Food safety and health awareness campaigns have provided an impetus for non-destructive and real-time methods for food quality assessment. Total nitrogen is used as an indicator of crude protein content in foods and we examined the potential of hyperspectral imaging to predict total nitrogen concentration in four brands of almonds purchased from commercial retailers. A hyperspectral imaging system in the wavelength range 400-1000 nm was used in the study. A partial linear squares regression (PLSR) model was developed, which predicted total nitrogen concentration with a determination coefficient (R2 p) of 0.82 and a root mean error square of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.16. These results indicated that hyperspectral imaging has great potential to predict total nitrogen concentration of almond kernels.
关键词： food quality,nuts,crude protein,nutritional composition,rapid assessment,almond
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Aging of a Vanadium Precursor Solution: Influencing Material Properties and Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance of Solution-Processed BiVO <sub/>4</sub> Photoanodes
摘要： Metal–organic decomposition is an easy way to fabricate BiVO4 (BVO) photoanodes; however, it often experiences a reproducibility issue. Here, the aging duration of a vanadium precursor solution, vanadyl acetylacetonate in methanol, is identified as a factor that profoundly affects reproducibility. Substantial changes in structural, optical, and electrical properties of BVO films are observed upon varying aging time of vanadium precursor solutions, which subsequently impacts photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation and sulfite oxidation reactions. With the optimum number of aging days (3 d), some deficiency of oxygen is observed, which is accompanied by an increase in carrier concentration and a reduced charge transfer resistance in the PEC device, which produces the highest PEC performance that is comparable to the state-of-the-art undoped BVO photoanodes. The findings point to the importance of understanding solution chemistry and demonstrate that utilization of the understanding of fine adjustment of the composition of BVO films can produce highly reproducible and efficient BiVO4 photoanodes.
关键词： solution aging,metal–organic decomposition,bismuth vanadate,chemical composition,photoelectrochemical water splitting
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Determination of liquid egg composition using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics
摘要： BACKGROUND: The use of liquid whole egg (LWE) in food industry as a substitute for shell eggs has been on the increase lately. Since the composition of LWE can easily be changed, determination of protein, lipid, moisture, and total soluble solid (TSS) contents of LWE has also gained importance. Traditional methods usually require more time and effort, and the use of toxic chemicals for sample preparation, where more efficient techniques (faster, cheaper, and more reliable) are needed. In this concern, a novel technique that determines LWE components using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with partial least square regression (PLS) is presented in this study. RESULTS: The actual values of LWE components were detected by applying reference methods. The accuracy of PLS model was demonstrated by comparing the obtained predictions with the actual values of the component. High coefficients of determination values, which are 0.950, 0.992, 0.994, and 0.972, were achieved for protein, lipid, moisture, and TSS validation data sets, respectively. The error values, namely RMSEC, RMSECV, and RMSEP, were obtained in the range of 0.404-0.978, 0.57-1.82, and 0.83-1.84, respectively. CONCLUSION: ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics can provide a rapid and sensitive method for quality control of liquid egg composition.
关键词： chemometrics,composition,Liquid whole egg,ATR-FTIR spectroscopy,reference method
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Thermally-stable large strain in Bi(Mn0.5Ti0.5)O3 modified 0.8Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.2Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 ceramics
摘要： A N U S C RIP T (1-x)[0.8Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.2Bi0.5K0.5TiO3]-xBi(Mn0.5Ti0.5)O3 (x = 0 ~ 0.06, BNKMT100x) lead-free ferroelectric ceramics were prepared via solid state reaction method. Bi(Mn0.5Ti0.5)O3 induces a structure transition from rhombohedral-tetragonal morphotropic phases to pseudo-cubic phase. Moreover, the wide range of compositions within x = 0.03 ~ 0.055 exhibit large strain of 0.31% ~ 0.41% and electrostrictive coefficient of 0.027 ~ 0.041 m4/C2. Especially, at x = 0.04, the large strain and electrostrictive coefficient are nearly temperature-independent in the range of 25 ~ 100 °C. The impedance analysis shows the large strain and electrostrictive coefficient originate from polar nanoregions response due to the addition of Bi(Mn0.5Ti0.5)O3.
关键词： large strain,thermal stability,composition-insensitivity,lead-free,electric property
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52