- 标题
- 摘要
- 关键词
- 实验方案
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Manufacturing of All Inkjet-Printed Organic Photovoltaic Cell Arrays and Evaluating their Suitability for Flexible Electronics
摘要： The generation of electrical energy depending on renewable sources is rapidly growing and gaining serious attention due to its green sustainability. With fewer adverse impacts on the environment, the sun is considered as a nearly infinite source of renewable energy in the production of electrical energy using photovoltaic devices. On the other end, organic photovoltaic (OPV) is the class of solar cells that offers several advantages such as mechanical flexibility, solution processability, environmental friendliness, and being lightweight. In this research, we demonstrate the manufacturing route for printed OPV device arrays based on conventional architecture and using inkjet printing technology over an industrial platform. Inkjet technology is presently considered to be one of the most matured digital manufacturing technologies because it offers inherent additive nature and last stage customization flexibility (if the main goal is to obtain custom design devices). In this research paper, commercially available electronically functional inks were carefully selected and then implemented to show the importance of compatibility between OPV material stacks and the device architecture. One of the main outcomes of this work is that the manufacturing of the OPV devices was accomplished using inkjet technology in massive numbers ranging up to 1500 containing different device sizes, all of which were deposited on a flexible polymeric film and under normal atmospheric conditions. In this investigation, it was found that with a set of correct functional materials and architecture, a manufacturing yield of more than 85% could be accomplished, which would reflect high manufacturing repeatability, deposition accuracy, and processability of the inkjet technology.
关键词： inkjet technology,flexible electronics,organic photovoltaics,Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) free solar cells
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Highly Stretchable, High‐Mobility, Free‐Standing All‐Organic Transistors Modulated by Solid‐State Elastomer Electrolytes
摘要： Highly stretchable, high-mobility, and free-standing coplanar-type all-organic transistors based on deformable solid-state elastomer electrolytes are demonstrated using ionic thermoplastic polyurethane (i-TPU), thereby showing high reliability under mechanical stimuli as well as low-voltage operation. Unlike conventional ionic dielectrics, the i-TPU electrolyte prepared herein has remarkable characteristics, i.e., a large specific capacitance of 5.5 μF cm?2, despite the low weight ratio (20 wt%) of the ionic liquid, high transparency, and even stretchability. These i-TPU-based organic transistors exhibit a mobility as high as 7.9 cm2 V?1 s?1, high bendability (Rc, radius of curvature: 7.2 mm), and good stretchability (60% tensile strain). Moreover, they are suitable for low-voltage operation (VDS = ?1.0 V, VGS = ?2.5 V). In addition, the electrical characteristics such as mobility, on-current, and threshold voltage are maintained even in the concave and convex bending state (bending tensile strain of ≈3.4%), respectively. Finally, free-standing, fully stretchable, and semi-transparent coplanar-type all-organic transistors can be fabricated by introducing a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid layer as source/drain and gate electrodes, thus achieving low-voltage operation (VDS = ?1.5 V, VGS = ?2.5 V) and an even higher mobility of up to 17.8 cm2 V?1 s?1. Moreover, these devices withstand stretching up to 80% tensile strain.
关键词： free-standing all-organic transistors,stretchable and conformal electronics,high-mobility,elastomer electrolyte,low-voltage operation
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Matrix-Independent Highly Conductive Composites for Electrodes and Interconnects in Stretchable Electronics
摘要： Electrically conductive composites (ECCs) hold great promise in stretchable electronics due to their printability, facile preparation, elasticity, and possibility for large area fabrication. A high conductivity at steady state and during mechanical deformation is a critical property for ECCs, and extensive efforts have been made to improve the conductivity. However, most of those approaches are exclusively functional to a specific polymer matrix, restricting their capability to meet other requirements such as the mechanical, adhesive and thermomechanical properties. Here we report a generic approach to prepare ECCs with conductivity close to that of bulk metals and maintain their conductivity during stretching. This approach iodizes the surfactants on the commercial silver flakes, and subsequent photo exposure converts these silver iodide nanoparticles to silver nanoparticles. The ECCs based on silver nanoparticles-covered silver flakes exhibit high conductivity because of the removal of insulating surfactants as well as the enhanced contact between flakes. The treatment of silver flakes is independent of the polymer matrix and provides the flexibility in matrix selection. In the development of stretchable interconnects, ECCs can be prepared with the same polymer as the substrate to ensure strong adhesion between interconnects and the substrate. For the fabrication of on-skin electrodes, a polymer matrix of low modulus can be selected to enhance conformal contact with the skin for reduced impedance.
关键词： conductive composites,human-machine interface,on-skin electronics,electrophysiological monitoring,iodization,silver nanoparticles,silver flakes
更新于2025-11-14 17:28:48
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Epitaxial Liftoff of Wafer‐Scale VO <sub/>2</sub> Nanomembranes for Flexible, Ultrasensitive Tactile Sensors
摘要： Highly sensitive tactile sensors with long-term stability and low power consumption are one of the key components for flexible electronics. Here, for the first time, the fabrication of VO2 nanomembrane tactile sensors by epitaxial liftoff from ZnO sacrificial layer is reported. The wafer-scale nanomembranes inherit the structural and electrical properties of the as-grown films, and the wet transfer generates negligible influence on the quality of VO2. Most importantly, giant electrical responses to external strains are found due to the release of substrate clamping, and a high gauge factor up to ≈1100 is derived. Furthermore, the electrical properties show no deterioration after repeatedly bending the nanomembranes for 10 000 times at a radius of 1 cm. The VO2 nanomembrane sensors are utilized to monitor the radial artery pulse, and totally reproducible waveforms with ultrahigh sensitivity to the tactile stimuli are observed. Moreover, the power dissipation of the VO2 tactile sensors can be lowered down to the picowatt level, allowing for the future construction of self-powered sensing systems together with nanogenerators. This study provides a substantial step toward large-scale preparation of oxide nanomembranes and therefore paves a promising way for flexible oxide electronics.
关键词： flexible electronics,piezoresistivity,vanadium dioxide,tactile sensors,epitaxial liftoff
更新于2025-11-14 17:03:37
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Enhancing Light Outcoupling in OLEDs by Integration of Scattering Electrodes
摘要： Limited outcoupling efficiencies are still a big problem in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). In this contribution, a simple and general approach for enhancing the outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs is presented: by using a three-step process including electro-spray deposition of a sacrificial material (step i), thin metal-layer deposition (step ii), and elution of the sacrificial material (step iii), scattering metal structures can be fabricated that can be used in cavity OLEDs. The integration into green-emitting vacuum-processed OLEDs yields in an increased luminous efficiency and EQE by 30% and 27%, respectively.
关键词： OLED,Electrospray Deposition,Organic Electronics,Light Outcoupling
更新于2025-11-14 15:25:21
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Large-scale fabrication of highly elastic conductors on a broad range of surfaces
摘要： Recently, a great stretchability progress has been witnessed in elastic electronics. However, such electronics are either costly, toxic, or cannot pattern on a broad range of substrates which limit their large-scale fabrications and applications. Here, to overcome those limitations, an ink comprising liquid metal particles and desirable polymer solutions is developed. The polymer solutions in our ink can be adjusted to print on different surfaces and avoid toxic organic solvents in most cases. The ink can be sintered by small strain (~10%) in room temperature. Using our ink, conductors with high stretchability (380,000 S/m at a strain of 1000%) can be printed in low consumption (liquid metal consumption 3.27 mg/cm2), in large area (bestrew entire surface of a T-shirt) and in high throughputs (~105 cm2 per hour). The ink can be printed on a T-shirt to achieve a smart wearable platform that integrates electronics for strain/electrophysiology/electrochemistry detection, and temperature monitoring/controlling.
关键词： Stretchable conductors,wearable devices,low-cost,liquid metal,large-scale fabrication,printable electronics
更新于2025-11-14 15:19:41
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Conductive Films Based on Sandwich Structures of Carbon Nanotubes/Silver Nanowires for Stretchable Interconnects
摘要： A variety of conductive films made of a hybrid of two conductive nanomaterials have been used as stretchable electrodes or interconnectors, desirable for stretchable electronic devices. Their intrinsic stretchability of electrical conductivity would allow for accommodating mechanical strain to a certain extent under various deformations. However, few efforts have been made to enhance the interactions between two conductive components in a hybrid system. Herein, we reported new conductive films with tri-layer sandwich structures based on CNTs and AgNWs, encapsulated in silicone rubber, exhibited high stretchability along with insignificant piezoresistivity. They would be suitable to be stretchable interconnectors. A successive vacuum filtration method was used to stack the conductive components layer by layer. The effects of the stacking sequence and the interactions between layers on the stretchability and stability of electrical properties under mechanical deformations were studied. In the case of a tri-layer conductive film comprising two CNT outer layers and one AgNW central layer in presence of enhanced interfacial interactions, it showed exceptionally durability of withstanding repetitive deformations.
关键词： hybrid,silver nanowires,sandwich structure,carbon nanotubes,Stretchable electronics
更新于2025-11-14 15:15:56
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Mobility Evaluation of BTBT Derivatives: Limitation and Impact on Charge Transport
摘要： Amongst contemporary semiconductors many of the best performing materials are based on [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT). Alkylated derivatives of these small molecules not only provide high hole mobilities but can also be easily processed by thermal vacuum or solution deposition methods. Over the last decade numerous publications have been investigating molecular structures and charge transport properties to elucidate what makes these molecules so special. However, the race towards ever higher mobilities resulted in significantly deviating values, which exacerbates linking molecular structure to electronic properties. Moreover, a recently arisen debate on overestimation of organic field-effect transistor mobilities calls for a revaluation of these numbers. We synthesised and characterised four BTBT derivatives with either one or two alkyl chains (themselves consisting of either eight or ten carbon atoms), and investigated their spectroscopic, structural and electrical properties. By employing two probes, gated 4-point probe and gated van der Pauw measurements, we compare field effect mobility values at room and low temperatures, and discuss their feasibility and viability. We attribute mobility changes to different angles between molecule planes and core-to-core double layer stacking of asymmetric BTBT derivatives and show higher mobilities in the presence of more and longer alkyl chains. A so called “zipper effect” brings BTBT cores in closer proximity promoting stronger intermolecular orbital coupling and hence higher charge transport.
关键词： charge transport,mobility,BTBT,organic electronics,organic transistors
更新于2025-10-23 16:08:52
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Percolation Effects in Electrolytically-Gated WS <sub/>2</sub> /Graphene Nano:Nano Composites
摘要： Mixed networks of conducting and non-conducting nanoparticles show promise in a range of applications where fast charge transport is important. While the dependence of network conductivity on the conductive mass fraction (Mf) is well understood, little is known about the Mf-dependence of mobility and carrier density. This is particularly important as the addition of graphene might lead to increases in the mobility of semiconducting nanosheet-network transistors. Here, we use electrolytic gating to investigate the transport properties of spray-coated composite networks of graphene and WS2 nanosheets. As the graphene Mf is increased, we find both conductivity and carrier density to increase in line with percolation theory with percolation thresholds (~8 vol%) and exponents (~2.5) consistent with previous reporting. Perhaps surprisingly, we find the mobility increases modestly from ~0.1 cm2/Vs (for a WS2 network) to ~0.3 cm2/Vs (for a graphene network) which we attribute to the similarity between WS2-WS2 and graphene-graphene junction resistances. In addition, we find both the transistor on- and off-currents to scale with Mf according to percolation theory, changing sharply at the percolation threshold. Through fitting, we show that only the current in the WS2 network changes significantly upon gating. As a result, the on-off ratio falls sharply at the percolation threshold from ~104 to ~2 at higher Mf. Reflecting on these results, we conclude that the addition of graphene to a semiconducting network is not a viable strategy to improve transistor performance as it reduces the on:off ratio far more than it improves the mobility.
关键词： graphene,ionic liquid,thin film transistor,WS2,carrier density,composite,mobility,Printed electronics
更新于2025-10-22 19:40:53
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Ultrathin Fully Printed Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells with Arbitrary Designs on Biocompatible Substrates
摘要： Organic electronic devices are often highlighted in terms of cost-efficient solution processing and potential printability. However, few studies are reporting truly full-solution-processed devices taking into account the electrodes as well as all other layers. This results in a production method that only partially benefits from the cost efficiency of solution processing and that still depends on costly and elaborate techniques like evaporation and/or lithography. This lack of knowledge is addressed by presenting a truly fully printed light-emitting electrochemical cell on ultraflexible parylene C substrates usable for conformable electronics. All device parts are fabricated by industrial relevant printing-techniques under ambient atmosphere. Inkjet printing is used for the structuring of the device layout and is therefore able to implement and create arbitrary designs. Further layers are produced by blade coating which is well suited for the coating of large areas. The devices show stable operation at a luminance higher than 100 cd m?2 for 8.8 h, can reach a maximum brightness of 918 cd m?2, and exhibit a turn-on time of 40 s to reach 100 cd m?2. Moreover, biocompatible and biodegradable materials are utilized to allow potential applications in life science and bioelectronics.
关键词： fully printed electronics,light-emitting electrochemical cells,parylene,inkjet,bioelectronics,digital printing,conformable electronics
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52