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Microcharacterization of Interface Oxide Layer on Laser-Structured Silicon Surfaces of Plated Ni–Cu Solar Cells
摘要： Light-induced plating on laser-structured passivation layer openings is an alternative method to silver screen printing for fabrication of the front-side metal grid on silicon solar cells. Fundamental contact properties, such as adhesion and contact resistance, are determined at the highly inhomogeneous interface of laser-structured silicon and plated nickel. Usage of laser structuring and plating holds the risk that an interfacial oxide layer is incorporated to the contact stack. It is shown within this article that both native and laser-induced oxide formation influence contact properties. Although, a native oxide layer does not impede metal deposition during plating, the dynamics of the layer formation is shown to be changed. It is known that interface oxides harm the contact resistance, and it is reported that postplating annealing decreases the contact resistance. In this article, the microstructural basis of the temperature-induced changes is examined. By transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, no temperature-induced modification of the interface microstructure, such as silicide formation or metal-induced crystallization of the amorphous surface, is observed. Results suggest that the decrease is attributed to a temperature-induced change of the electrical properties of the interface oxide. Considering reports that partially closed interface oxide layers are an inherent feature of laser-structured plated contacts, the results presented motivate reconsidering the objective of postplating annealing. The results indicate that the beneficial impact of silicide formation is overrated for the case of laser-structured plated contacts, whereas the temperature-induced modifications on residual interface oxide layers are neglected in the scientific discussions on the given contact stack.
关键词： silicidation,semiconductor-metal interfaces,Photovoltaic cells,semiconductor device reliability
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Laser additive manufacturing of bimetallic structure from Ti-6Al-4V to Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb via vanadium interlayer
摘要： As a potential candidate material, Ti6Al4V (TC4) / Ti48Al2Cr2Nb (TiAl) bimetallic structure (BS) material has a good development prospects in the field of aerospace engineering, and has a broad application prospects for the integrated manufacture of aero-engine turbine blades (TiAl) and turbine disks (TC4). However, via the direct bonding of TC4/TiAl BS, it is easy to produce brittle intermetallic compounds which increases the crack sensitivity. Therefore, to a certain extent, the application of TC4/TiAl BS is limited. In this study, we use laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology to prepare the TC4 / TiAl BS via a V interlayer, which further limits the formation of a brittle phase. The experimental results show that the V interlayer can effectively limit the formation of the brittle phase (Ti3Al), which reduces the crack sensitivity of the formed parts, and forms a good metallurgical joint at the TC4/TiAl BS interfaces. Results of room temperature tensile tests reveal that the tensile strength and elongation of the BS specimens are ~476 MPa, and ~2.8% respectively , which means that the strength of the joint exceeded that of the deposited TiAl alloy without the V interlayer.
关键词： Microstructure,Brittle phases,Ti/TiAl bimetallic structure,Tensile strength,Interfaces,Laser additive manufacturing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Interfaced Lipid Bilayer Membranes
摘要： Plasmonic nanoparticles are widely exploited in diverse bioapplications ranging from therapeutics to biosensing and biocomputing because of their strong and tunable light?matter interactions, facile and versatile chemical/biological ligand modifications, and biocompatibility. With the rapid growth of nanobiotechnology, understanding dynamic interactions between nanoparticles and biological systems at the molecular or single-particle level is becoming increasingly important for interrogating biological systems with functional nanostructures and for developing nanoparticle-based biosensors and therapeutic agents. Therefore, significant efforts have been devoted to precisely design and create nano?bio interfaces by manipulating the nanoparticles’ size, shape, and surface ligand interactions with complex biological systems to maximize their performance and avoid unwanted responses, such as their agglomeration and cytotoxicity. However, investigating physicochemical interactions at the nano?bio interfaces in a quantitative and controllable manner remains challenging, as the interfaces involve highly complex networks between nanoparticles, biomolecules, and cells across multiple scales, each with a myriad of different chemical and biological interactions.
关键词： Plasmonic nanoparticles,lipid bilayer membranes,therapeutics,biocomputing,nano?bio interfaces,biosensing
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Laser additive manufacturing of TA15 - Inconel 718 bimetallic structure via Nb/Cu multi-interlayer
摘要： High quality fabricating of the bimetallic structure of TA15 and Inconel 718 (IN718) is widely used in the aerospace ?led. In this study, we have used laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technology to fabricate the bimetallic structure and to prevent the formation of brittle phases via Nb/Cu multi-interlayer. The results of this study showed that Nb/Cu multi-interlayer was very e?ective in preventing the generation of brittle Ti–Ni and Ti–Cu phases. The good metallurgical bonds were presented at these interfaces between TA15 and IN718. Mechanical properties of the bimetallic structure revealed that the tensile strength reached that of the weakest metal, Cu.
关键词： Tensile strength,Microstructure,Laser additive manufacturing,Interfaces,Interlayer
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Coherent Vibrational Spectroscopy of Electrochemical Interfaces with Plasmonic Nano-gratings
摘要： The fundamental understanding of electrochemistry urges accurate knowledge of all interfacial properties at the molecular-level, but the retrieval of such information is a real challenge. Optical spectroscopies facilitated by surface plasmon enhancement can shed light on this field, yet past studies relied on either highly inhomogeneous “hot spots”, or planar plasmon modes with limited enhancement. Here we report an in situ sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy scheme using plasmonic nano-gratings, which enable strong, coherent surface plasmon excitation even on planar electrodes. With two classical reactions, the gold oxidation and pyridine adsorption in water, we demonstrate the realization of coherent vibrational spectroscopy in the strong absorption region, revealing the polar orientation and ordering of interfacial species that are crucial toward the mechanistic understanding of electrochemical phenomena.
关键词： field enhancement,surface plasmon resonance,molecular-level information,in situ spectroelectrochemistry,electrode/electrolyte interfaces
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Determination of electronic band structure by electron holography of etched-and-regrown interfaces in GaN <i>p-i-n</i> diodes
摘要： The electrostatic potential variation across etched-and-regrown GaN p-i-n diodes for power electronics has been studied using electron holography in a transmission electron microscope. The potential profiles have been correlated with the composition profiles of Mg, Si, and O obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Electronic charges obtained from the potential profiles correlate well with the presence of Si and O impurities at regrown interfaces. The overlap of Mg and Si when Mg doped GaN is grown directly over an etched undoped GaN surface results in the formation of a highly doped p-n junction. The introduction of a thin undoped layer over the etched GaN surface prevents the formation of such a junction as the regrowth interface is moved away from the Mg-doped GaN, and results in diodes with improved reverse leakage currents, close to the best values of continuously grown p-i-n diodes. Potential profiles of continuously grown (not etched) p-i-n diodes are compared to those of etched-and-regrown diodes.
关键词： Mg,O impurities,regrown interfaces,Si,secondary ion mass spectroscopy,electrostatic potential,GaN p-i-n diodes,electron holography
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Interface Engineering in Tin Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： As a rising star of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PCSs), tin-based PSCs have drawn much attention and made promising progress during the past few years. Notably, interfaces in the tin-based PSCs device have great impacts on performance enhancements. In this Review, the authors first demonstrate why the interface is especially crucial for tin-based PSCs device. It is proposed that the engineering of i) interface between perovskite grains in the film and ii) interface within the PSCs device are of great significance on the improvement of device functionality and stability. Then, the up-to-date studies on interface engineering of tin-based PSCs are reviewed, including the following strategies: i) passivation of trap states; ii) modification of interfacial layers; iii) construction of 2D/3D structure. At last, a future perspective and remaining challenges in this field are given, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of interfaces in tin-based PSCs and give some new thoughts on interface engineering for efficient PSCs device.
关键词： 2D/3D structure,interfaces,Sn perovskites,lead-free,solar cells
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Sub-decibel silicon grating couplers based on L-shaped waveguides and engineered subwavelength metamaterials
摘要： The availability of low-loss optical interfaces to couple light between standard optical fibers and high-index-contrast silicon waveguides is essential for the development of chip-integrated nanophotonics. Input and output couplers based on diffraction gratings are attractive coupling solutions. Advanced grating coupler designs, with Bragg or metal mirror underneath, low- and high-index overlays, and multi-level or multi-layer layouts, have proven less useful due to customized or complex fabrication, however. In this work, we propose a rather simpler in design of efficient off-chip fiber couplers that provide a simulated efficiency up to 95% (?0.25 dB) at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. These grating couplers are formed with an L-shaped waveguide profile and synthesized subwavelength grating metamaterials. This concept jointly provides sufficient degrees of freedom to simultaneously control the grating directionality and out-radiated field profile of the grating mode. The proposed chip-to-fiber couplers promote robust sub-decibel coupling of light, yet contain device dimensions (> 120 nm) compatible with standard lithographic technologies presently available in silicon nanophotonic foundries. Fabrication imperfections are also investigated. Dimensional offsets of ± 15 nm in shallow-etch depth and ± 10 nm in linewidth’s and mask misalignments are tolerated for a 1-dB loss penalty. The proposed concept is meant to be universal, which is an essential prerequisite for developing reliable and low-cost optical couplers. We foresee that the work on L-shaped grating couplers with sub-decibel coupling efficiencies could also be a valuable direction for silicon chip interfacing in integrated nanophotonics.
关键词： grating couplers,silicon photonics,L-shaped waveguides,subwavelength metamaterials,optical interfaces
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Fast Photon Storage in a Fiber-Based Atom-Cavity System
摘要： Miniaturized ?ber-based optical resonators are emerging as a robust and scalable technology for realizing ?ber-based quantum networks. First demonstrated in [1], these cavities have been integrated with a variety of emitters, e.g. atoms, ions and solid-state systems, to build single-photon quantum interfaces. Our system consists of a single 87Rb atom coupled to a high bandwidth (κ = 2π×40 MHz (cid:2) γ), single-sided ?ber Fabry-Perot cavity (FFPC), Fig. 1(a). The unique system of four in-vacuum lenses, with their focal points coinciding with the ?ber-cavity center, provides the necessary optical access for 3D-cooling and trapping, addressing and high resolution ?uorescence imaging of the atoms, Fig. 1(b). For the D2-transition of 87Rb, the strongly coupled atom-cavity system shows a sixfold Purcell broadening and 90% emission into the cavity mode [2]. Here we present deterministic generation and storage of fast photon pulses. For single-photon generation the atomic state is prepared in F = 1 ground state. A π?polarized classical control laser pulse creates a single photon in the cavity mode with an ef?ciency of ～80%, Fig. 1(c). The pulse shape of the emitted single photon can be tailored by the temporal shape of the control pulse on a time scale lower than the atomic excited state lifetime of ～26 ns, Fig. 1(d). For the storage of fast (short) coherent light pulses, the atomic system is prepared in the |F = 2, m f = ?2(cid:4) state by optical pumping. The temporally shaped input coherent laser pulse at the single-photon level incidents on the cavity mirror while a π?polarized control classical laser pulse with an optimized temporal pro?le, dresses the atom-cavity system such that the storage ef?ciency of the input pulse is maximised. We store photon pulses with a temporal width down to 10 ns with an overall ef?ciency of ～5%.
关键词： 87Rb atom,single-photon quantum interfaces,photon storage,fiber Fabry-Perot cavity,fiber-based optical resonators,quantum networks
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Nanomaterial‐Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications
摘要： Nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics have seen tremendous progress in recent years, evolving from single sensors to integrated sensing systems. Compared with nanomaterial-enabled sensors with a single function, integration of multiple sensors is conducive to comprehensive monitoring of personal health and environment, intelligent human–machine interfaces, and realistic imitation of human skin in robotics and prosthetics. Integration of sensors with other functional components promotes real-world applications of the sensing systems. Here, an overview of the design and integration strategies and manufacturing techniques for such sensing systems is given. Then, representative nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable sensing systems are presented. Following that, representative applications in personal health, fitness tracking, electronic skins, artificial nervous systems, and human–machine interactions are provided. To conclude, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are considered.
关键词： sensing systems,human-machine interfaces,nanomaterials,Flexible electronics,health monitoring,stretchable electronics
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04