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Performance enhancement of photovoltaic panels using two types of nanofluids
摘要： One of the main problems that limit the extensive use of photovoltaic (PV) systems is the increase in the temperature of PV panels. Overheating of a PV module decreases the performance of the output power by 0.4% to 0.5% per 1°C over its rated temperature that in most cases is 25°C. An effective way of improving electrical performance (power output and efficiency) and reducing the rate of thermal degradation of a PV module is to reduce the operating temperature of the PV surface by a cooling medium. To achieve this, nanofluids can be considered as a potentially effective solution for cooling. In this study, two types of nanofluids, namely Al2O3 and TiO2 water‐based mixture of different volume flow rates and concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) by weight, were used. Also, three PV panels were cooled simultaneously using nanofluids, water, and natural air, respectively. Results showed that nanofluids for cooling enhanced heat transfer rate much better than water and natural air. Best results were achieved for TiO2 nanofluids at the considered concentration (0.1 wt%). Nanofluid cooling of turbulent flows for such an application has not been investigated before. These results represent the first application of nanofluid cooling in the turbulent flow regimes and in outdoor conditions including real solar irradiation.
关键词： photovoltaic module,Nusselt number,Al2O3,TiO2 nanofluids,heat transfer,electrical performance
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Early-stage identification of encapsulants photobleaching and discoloration in crystalline silicon photovoltaic module laminates
摘要： Commercially different variants of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulants are available in the photovoltaic (PV) market. Photobleaching and discoloration are the two most commonly observed phenomena, and their initiation may be different for different encapsulants. To investigate the EVA encapsulant photobleaching and discoloration, solar cell laminates having different EVA films (UV-transparent [T], UV-cut [C], and combination of the two [TC]) were tested in Xenon test chamber. High temperatures are created in the laminates during the aging tests by using a thick insulation layer behind the backsheet. The UV fluorescence images and grayscale profile show clear signs of photobleaching and discoloration. It is found that the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the T sample is four and nine times slower than the TC and C samples, respectively, in the photobleached region. Fluorescence imaging and spectra and Raman spectra were taken before and after the accelerated test and indicate that discoloration causing fluorophores generation is higher after the photobleached region for transparent and combined EVAs, whereas higher at the center for UV-cut EVA laminates. A colorimeter was used to measure the Yellowness Index of the samples before and after the accelerated aging test. This work will help in the early detection of photobleaching and discoloration of any encapsulant used in the PV modules. This method will also help to study the behavior of encapsulants in different climatic conditions like hot, cold, dry, humid, and their combinations by simulating the same in an accelerated weathering chamber by using the different insulation thickness.
关键词： fluorophores,discoloration,photovoltaic module,photobleaching,ethylene-vinyl-acetate encapsulant
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Modeling the Functioning of the Half-Cells Photovoltaic Module under Partial Shading in the Matlab Package
摘要： In this paper, the usefulness of photovoltaic modules built of half cells for partially obstructed photovoltaic (PV) installations was analyzed based on veri?ed simulation studies. The parameters of these modules are similar to the classic, but the internal structure is di?erent. Instead of 60 cells in a typical classic PV module, there are twice as many cells in modules with half cells. A simulation model was built in the Matlab/Simulink engineering calculations package, using the “Solar Cell” component, which is a double-diode PV cell replacement model. The simulation model re?ects the internal structure of the PV module from half cells so that the output current is divided into two equal parts inside, and the structure of the module is divided into six sections. Simulation tests were performed for the same parameters that were measured during actual measurements of the current–voltage characteristics of the partially shaded PV module. Veri?cation tests were carried out for the photovoltaic module—JAM60S03-320/PR—using the I–V 400 meter. Four di?erent cases of partial shading of the module were veri?ed and one for the case of no shading, but in conditions di?erent from the standard, given by the manufacturer.
关键词： current–voltage characteristics,partial shading,photovoltaics,photovoltaic module
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Prediction of Ia??V Characteristic Curve for Photovoltaic Modules Based on Convolutional Neural Network
摘要： Photovoltaic (PV) modules are exposed to the outside, which is affected by radiation, the temperature of the PV module back-surface, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and other factors, which makes it difficult to test and analyze the performance of photovoltaic modules. Traditionally, the equivalent circuit method is used to analyze the performance of PV modules, but there are large errors. In this paper—based on machine learning methods and large amounts of photovoltaic test data—convolutional neural network (CNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network models are established to predict the I–V curve of photovoltaic modules. Furthermore, the accuracy and the fitting degree of these methods for current–voltage (I–V) curve prediction are compared in detail. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the CNN and MLP neural network model is significantly better than that of the traditional equivalent circuit models. Compared with MLP models, the CNN model has better accuracy and fitting degree. In addition, the error distribution concentration of CNN has better robustness and the pre-test curve is smoother and has better nonlinear segment fitting effects. Thus, the CNN is superior to MLP model and the traditional equivalent circuit model in complex climate conditions. CNN is a high-confidence method to predict the performance of PV modules.
关键词： convolutional neural network,photovoltaic module,current–voltage curve,multilayer perceptron
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Experimental Assessment of a Smart Sun Tracking System Consumption for the Improvement of a Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Performance under Variable Weather Conditions
摘要： Sun tracking systems are often used to improve the performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic plants. However, their power consumption still remains a challenge till date. In this paper, a low power consumption sun tracking system has been implemented for driving a crystalline silicon photovoltaic module under variable weather conditions. The experimental results showed that this sun follower consumes less than 1% of the increased energy. Taking into account the tracker consumption, the energy gain can attain up to 25% under the same weather conditions compared to a fixed photovoltaic system. In addition to that, results gotten from data-based simulations are coherent with experimental results.
关键词： smart sun tracking system,supervision algorithm,data-based simulations,performance of photovoltaic module,microcontroller unit
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Online extraction of physical parameters of photovoltaic modules in a building-integrated photovoltaic system
摘要： Building-integrated photovoltaic systems are solar photovoltaic modules that are used to replace traditional building construction materials to generate electrical energy. Photovoltaic modules are generally installed on the roofs or facades of buildings and cannot be monitored by conventional methods. This work presents a new online technique for analysing the current-voltage characteristics of photovoltaic modules installed on the facades of building-integrated photovoltaic systems. The proposed method, which is based on the modi?ed double-diode model, can extract six physical parameters of the photovoltaic module that rely on the current and voltage at the short-circuit and open-circuit points and at the maximum power point. Unlike the approaches from existing studies, the method proposed in this paper requires only the current at the maximum power point. By measuring the solar irradiance, wind speed and average temperature of the photovoltaic module, the current and voltage at the short-circuit and open-circuit points can be calculated. To study the accuracy of the proposed models, the absolute error and root mean square error of individual photovoltaic modules are examined. The results indicate that the minimum absolute error of the current appears near the maximum power point. Moreover, the proposed simulation of the current-voltage characteristic curves achieves a lower root mean square error value and exhibits a better ability to represent the current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic modules. In addition, methods are used to extract the six parameters of the photovoltaic module, which operates in the building-integrated photovoltaic system. The experimental results show that the prediction of the current-voltage characteristic curves achieves the lowest root mean square error values at the short-circuit and open-circuit points and at the maximum power point. Furthermore, regardless of whether operating in the building-integrated photovoltaic system, the six parameters of the photovoltaic modules with the same initial characteristics extracted via the proposed methods have similar numerical ranges under standard test conditions. Based on these conclusions, the six parameters based on the modi?ed double-diode model are useful and practical for the simulation and evaluation of the current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic module in the building-integrated photovoltaic system.
关键词： Photovoltaic module,Physical parameters,Online extraction,Building-integrated photovoltaic system,Modi?ed double-diode model
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Development of Accelerated Stress Tests
摘要： The chapter discusses the development of accelerated stress tests (ASTs) for photovoltaic (PV) modules to identify and mitigate field failure modes. It outlines various ASTs such as Thermal Cycling, Damp Heat, Humidity Freeze, UV Light Exposure, Static Mechanical Load, Cyclic (Dynamic) Mechanical Load, Reverse Bias Hot Spot Test, Bypass Diode Thermal Test, and Hail Test, detailing their parameters and the failure modes they address. The importance of ASTs in improving module reliability and lifetime is emphasized, along with the challenges in accelerating certain processes without altering the failure mechanisms.
关键词： Reverse Bias Hot Spot Test,UV Light Exposure,Damp Heat,Static Mechanical Load,Hail Test,Thermal Cycling,Photovoltaic Module Reliability,Accelerated Stress Tests,Humidity Freeze,Bypass Diode Thermal Test,Cyclic (Dynamic) Mechanical Load
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Boosted mutation-based Harris hawks optimizer for parameters identification of single-diode solar cell models
摘要： In order to realize the performance of the PV model before being installed, it is often indispensable to develop reliable and accurate parameter identification methods for dealing with the PV models. Up to now, several stochastic methods have been proposed to analyze the feature space of this problem. However, some of the stochastic-based methods may present unsatisfactory results due to their insufficient exploration and exploitation inclinations, and the multimodal and nonlinearity existed in PV parameters extraction problems. In this paper, a Boosted Harris Hawk’s Optimization (BHHO) technique is proposed to achieve a more stable model and effectively estimate the parameters of the single diode PV model. The BHHO method combines random exploratory steps of evolution inspired by the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and a powerful mutation scheme of the differential evolution (DE) with 2-Opt algorithms. The proposed strategies not only help BHHO algorithm to accelerate the convergence rate but also assist it in scanning new regions of the search basins. The results demonstrate that the proposed BHHO is more accurate and reliable compared to the basic version and several well-established methods. The BHHO method was rigorously validated by using real experimental data under seven sunlight and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the statistical criteria indicate that the proposed BHHO method has lower errors among other peers, which is highly useful for real-world applications.
关键词： I–V characteristics,Photovoltaic module,Harris hawks optimization,Parameter extraction,Single-diode model
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Doping Strategy for Efficient and Stable Triple Cation Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells and Module Based on Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Hole Transport Layer
摘要： As the hole transport layer (HTL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been attracting great interest due to its low-cost, thermal stability, oxygen impermeability, and strong hydrophobicity. In this work, a new doping strategy is developed for P3HT as the HTL in triple-cation/double-halide ((FA1?x?yMAxCsy)Pb(I1?xBrx)3) mesoscopic PSCs. Photovoltaic performance and stability of solar cells show remarkable enhancement using a composition of three dopants Li-TFSI, TBP, and Co(III)-TFSI reaching power conversion efficiencies of 19.25% on 0.1 cm2 active area, 16.29% on 1 cm2 active area, and 13.3% on a 43 cm2 active area module without using any additional absorber layer or any interlayer at the PSK/P3HT interface. The results illustrate the positive effect of a cobalt dopant on the band structure of perovskite/P3HT interfaces leading to improved hole extraction and a decrease of trap-assisted recombination. Non-encapsulated large area devices show promising air stability through keeping more than 80% of initial efficiency after 1500 h in atmospheric conditions (relative humidity ≈ 60%, r.t.), whereas encapsulated devices show more than >500 h at 85 °C thermal stability (>80%) and 100 h stability against continuous light soaking (>90%). The boosted efficiency and the improved stability make P3HT a good candidate for low-cost large-scale PSCs.
关键词： perovskite interfaces,light soaking,photovoltaic module,polymeric hole transport materials,thermal stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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[IEEE 2019 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Brasov, Romania (2019.11.3-2019.11.6)] 2019 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA) - Influence of an Impulse Current near a Photovoltaic Solar Module on Bypass Diode Characteristics
摘要： Recently, failures in photovoltaic systems (PVSs) caused by lightning damage have been increasing. When lightning strikes a PVS, the bypass diode (BPD), which is a protection element in the solar cell module (PV-MDL), breaks down and burns out, rendering the PVS inoperable. In this study, an impulse current test was conducted to clarify the lightning-induced BPD failure mechanism. The impulse current with a peak of 100 kA was employed to simulate a lightning strike traveling in the vicinity of a PV-MDL. The results indicated that a BPD fails because lightning (induced electromotive force) strikes in the bypass circuit of the PV-MDL as the impulse current passes in its vicinity. Furthermore, installing a metal frame in the PV-MDL was shown to reduce the negative impact of such lightning strikes.
关键词： impulse current test,bypass diode,lightning,photovoltaic module,induced lightning
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59