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SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF LIGHT INTERCEPTION TO GEOMETRICAL TRAITS OF APPLE TREES: AN IN SILICO STUDY BASED ON MAPPLET MODEL
摘要： The efficiency of light interception is a driving factor for plant transpiration and photosynthesis, and contributes greatly to plant growth. For a fruit tree, the efficiency of light interception is also a key factor to improve yield quality. Such efficiency is highly dependent on the tree geometrical and topological organisation which may vary between genotypes, or as a result of agronomic practices such as pruning. The purpose of this study was to use a functional-structural plant model, in order to find out the major geometrical traits that influence the efficiency of light interception in apple trees. MAppleT, an architectural model of apple tree, and VPlants, a software library that includes functionalities to simulate light environment, provided the basis for this work. The STAR, namely the silhouette to total area ratio of leaves, was used to evaluate the light interception efficiency. The general methodology contained three steps: (1) manipulation of a set of geometrical parameters in MAppleT, such as those related to internode elongation, leaf area expansion, and branching angle; (2) integration of the resulting tree architecture within the simulated light environment for calculation of STAR values at the whole tree scale; (3) analysis of the influence of the variation of each geometrical trait on the variance of STAR outputs. As expected, leaf area manipulation had the highest impact on STAR values. Interactions between input parameters were also found, and are illustrated in the case of leaf area versus internode length. This suggests that optimal combination(s) of the corresponding traits could be found, setting a target for genetic improvement, as well as physiological studies on real apple trees.
关键词： fruit trees,plant architecture,STAR,functional-structural plant modeling,virtual plants
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Stomatal response to blue light in crassulacean acid metabolism plants <i>Kalanchoe pinnata</i> and <i>Kalanchoe daigremontiana</i>
摘要： Blue light (BL) is a fundamental cue for stomatal opening in both C3 and C4 plants. However, it is unknown whether crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants open their stomata in response to BL. We investigated stomatal BL responses in the obligate CAM plants Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana that characteristically open their stomata at night and close them for part of the day, as contrasted with C3 and C4 plants. Stomata opened in response to weak BL superimposed on background red light in both intact leaves and detached epidermal peels of K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana. BL-dependent stomatal opening was completely inhibited by tautomycin and vanadate, which repress type 1 protein phosphatase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase, respectively. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator fusicoccin (FC) induced stomatal opening in the dark. Both BL and FC induced phosphorylation of the guard cell plasma membrane H+-ATPase in K. pinnata. These results indicate that BL-dependent stomatal opening occurs in the obligate CAM plants K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana independently of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation mode.
关键词： phototropins,CAM plants,plasma membrane H+-ATPase,stomatal opening,blue light,signal transduction
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Highly-transparent, UV-B protective Al-Zn-O films with potential application in greenhouse screen systems
摘要： Extremely thin, Al-Zn-O composite films (21±6 nm) are deposited on fused silica substrates under various percentages of oxygen in the oxygen/argon gas mixture (3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 %). The films are prepared by a cylindrical DC magnetron sputtering system, utilizing a single compound target. The effects of the oxygen percentage on the compositional, morphological, and optical properties of the films are investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and atomic force microscopy. The chemical composition of the films is Al1 Z1+X O with 0.2<X<1. The average visible transmittance of 93.6% with a high level of uniformity is obtained when the sputtering deposition performs under the oxygen percentage of 6%. It is found that the optical band gap of the films can be tailored towards higher energy by increasing oxygen percentage; however, the adjustable range is not so significant. The results offer cost-efficient films with high, uniform transmittance in the visible region and with an ability to attenuate more than 10% of incident UV-B radiation (280-315 nm). This type of films can potentially be included in greenhouse screen systems to effectively protect the plants from the elevated UV-B radiation without altering natural conditions.
关键词： Al-Zn-O film,cylindrical DC magnetron sputtering,band gap tailoring,effective UV-B protection of plants
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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In Vivo Chemoselective Photoacoustic Imaging of Copper(II) in Plant and Animal Subjects
摘要： The detection of Cu2+ in living plants and animals is of great importance for environment monitoring and disease diagnosis. Here, a near-infrared (NIR) turn-on photoacoustic (PA) probe (denoted as LET-2) is developed for Cu2+ detection in living subjects, such as soybean sprouts and mice. The absorbance band of LET-2 shifts from 625 to 715 nm after the interaction with Cu2+, thus producing strong PA signal output at 715 nm (PA715) as an indicator. The PA715 value is increased as a function of the concentration of Cu2+ (0 × 10?6–20 × 10?6 m), with a calculated limit of detection of 10.8 × 10?9 m. More importantly, both in vitro and in vivo studies in soybean sprouts and mice indicate that the as-prepared LET-2 PA probe is highly sensitive and selective for Cu2+ detection. These findings provide a solution for in vivo detection of metal ions by using chemoselective PA probes.
关键词： animals,photoacoustic imaging,copper detection,in vivo,plants
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Characterization of essential oils extracted from different aromatic plants by FTIR spectroscopy
摘要： Four essential oils isolated from dried leaves of parsley, lovage, basil and thyme were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The analysis of recorded spectra revealed that the main compounds of tested essential oils dominate their vibrational spectra.
关键词： dried leaves,essential oils,FTIR analysis,aromatic plants
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology || Advanced control strategies to maximize ROI and the value of the concentrating solar thermal (CST) plant to the grid
摘要： There are two main drawbacks to concentrating solar thermal energy systems: (1) the resulting energy costs are not yet competitive and (2) solar energy is not always available when needed. Considerable research efforts are being devoted to techniques that may help to overcome these drawbacks; control is one of those techniques [1]. One of the main challenges identified by the US National Academy of Engineering is to make solar energy economical [2]. This issue can be addressed by reducing investment and operating costs and increasing the solar plant performance [3]. Advanced control techniques can help to reduce operating costs and increase the solar plant performance. This chapter describes two examples of how advanced control techniques can help to optimize operation of solar plants and, in consequence, maximize the return of investment (ROI).
关键词： advanced control strategies,solar tower plants,solar trough plants,concentrating solar thermal,ROI
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Aerial Infrared Thermography of a CdTe Utility-Scale PV Power Plant
摘要： Aerial Infrared Thermography (aIRT) is a fast and flexible inspection method to monitor and assess utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants. The literature is abundant on aIRT for crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules, but very little investigation has been carried out and reported thin-film PV. As Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is currently the leading thin-film technology, and a good performer in warm and sunny climates, this paper aims to investigate the application of aIRT on CdTe PV plants in Brazil. Results demonstrate that aIRT is a reliable, cost-effective and fast method to detect faults on CdTe modules in large-scale PV plants.
关键词： Fault Inspection,Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV),Photovoltaic Power Plants,Aerial Infrared Thermography (aIRT),Thin-Film,Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Photovoltaic Solar Energy: Is It Applicable in Brazil? a?? A Review Applied to Brazilian Case
摘要： The photovoltaic technologies have been developed year by year in different countries; however, there are some countries where this kind of energy is being born, such as the Brazilian case. In this paper, some important parameters are analysed and applied to different solar cell materials, identifying that if the fossil fuels were substituted by solar cells, it would reduce the CO2 emissions by 93.2%. In addition, it is shown that the efficiency of solar cells is not as farther as it could be thought from coal thermoelectrical plants in Brazil and the cost of energy using solar cells could be as good as these thermoelectrical plants. Finally, the potentiality of Brazilian territory to implant this technology is presented, identifying that with the use of 0.2% of the territory, the energy demand could be supplied.
关键词： Brazil,CO2 Emissions,Thermoelectrical plants,Solar cells,Fossil fuels
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Performance enhancement of multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules using mirror reflectors under Western Himalayan climatic conditions
摘要： Silicon photovoltaic modules are widely used in solar power plants worldwide, but their efficiency is of concern due to intermittent nature of solar radiation and non-optimum inclination of PV panels. The PV system power potential is enhanced using reflectors installed at optimum tilt angle. In this study performance of a PV-mirror reflector system installed at respective optimum tilt angles, is evaluated for a two-year period. The average power enhancement of PV-reflector system is found to be 10e19.84% in summers and 10e13.23% in winters. A new model is developed to determine reflector optimum tilt angles and the results are validated experimentally. The reflector optimum tilt angles are determined to be 400 for summer and 150 for winter for Hamirpur location, Himachal Pradesh, India. The error in the predicted and experimental optimum tilt angles is found to be 12.5%. The PV module temperature rise due to reflector is found small so the effect on PV efficiency is not substantial for this location. The present study is of relevance for PV power plants to improve land use efficiency and to reduce the cost of energy generation for any location worldwide. Further follow up research areas are also identified.
关键词： PV System,Optimum tilt angle,Solar photovoltaics,Solar plants,Mirror reflector
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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A Local measurement based protection technique for distribution system with photovoltaic plants
摘要： Inverter interfaced distributed generation units contribute limited fault current and thereby the current magnitude-based protection schemes find limitation for such situations. Change in penetration level of renewable energy sources with time makes available protection schemes more challenging. The distinction between load and fault current is an issue and with high resistance fault, level of fault current and load current becomes comparable. In this paper, local measurement-based protection technique is proposed that uses current and voltage signals to derive accurate protection decision for a distribution system in the presence of distributed generation units. The method uses real and reactive power calculated at the relay point for the decision. The performance of the algorithm is tested for a 33 bus distribution system simulated using DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Considering such units, the method is tested for both islanded and grid-connected modes, the varying level of distributed generation penetration and for different fault resistances. The results demonstrate the strength of the proposed method over available techniques. The proposed method is also validated using hardware-in-loop testing using Arduino NANO microcontroller and OPAL-RT simulator in real-time.
关键词： DIgSILENT PowerFactory,protection technique,photovoltaic plants,Arduino NANO,OPAL-RT simulator,distributed generation units,local measurement
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01