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[IEEE 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) - Vellore, India (2019.3.22-2019.3.23)] 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) - Photovoltaic supplied push pull converter for wireless power transfer applications
摘要： Embedded software is at the core of current and future telecommunication, automotive, multimedia, and industrial automation systems. The success of practically any industrial application depends on the embedded software system’s dependability, and one method to verify the dependability of a system is testing its robustness. The motivation behind this paper is to provide a knowledge base of the state of the practice in robustness testing of embedded software systems and to compare this to the state of the art. We have gathered the information on the state of the practice in robustness testing from seven different industrial domains (telecommunication, automotive, multimedia, critical infrastructure, aerospace, consumer products, and banking) by conducting 13 semi-structured interviews. We investigate the different aspects of robustness testing, such as the general view of robustness, relation to requirements engineering and design, test execution, failures, and tools. We highlight knowledge from the state of the practice of robustness testing of embedded software systems. We found different robustness testing practices that have not been previously described. This paper shows that the state of the practice, when it comes to robustness testing, differs between organizations and is quite different from the state of the art described in the scienti?c literature. For example, methods commonly described in the literature (e.g., the fuzzy approach) are not used in the organizations we studied. Instead, the interviewees described several ad hoc approaches that take speci?c scenarios into account (e.g., power failure or overload). Other differences we found concern the classi?cation of robustness failures, the hypothesized root causes of robustness failures, and the types of tools used for robustness testing. This paper is a ?rst step in capturing the state of the practice of robustness testing of embedded software systems. The results can be used by both researchers and practitioners. Researchers can use our ?ndings to understand the gap between the state of the art and the state of the practice and develop their studies to ?ll this gap. Practitioners can also learn from this knowledge base regarding how they can improve their practice and acquire other practices.
关键词： interviews,robustness,state of the practice,Testing,state of the art,survey,embedded systems
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Data-Driven Robust Coordination of Generation and Demand-side in Photovoltaic Integrated All-Electric Ship Microgrids
摘要： Fully electrified ships, which is known as the “all-electric ships (AESs)”, have the potentials to bring great economic /environmental benefits. To further improve the energy efficiency of AESs, PV generations are gradually integrated, which introduces uncertainties to the AES operation. However, current researches mostly focus on sizing problem whereas rarely concern the operation. In this perspective, a data-driven robust coordination of generation and demand-side is proposed to properly address the onboard PV generation uncertainties as well as reducing the fuel cost of AESs, which consists of an extreme learning machine (ELM) based PV uncertainty forecasting method and a two-stage operating framework, where the first stage for the worst PV generation case and the second stage targets at the uncertainty realization. A 4-DG AES is implemented into the case study and the simulation results show that the ELM-based method can well characterize the PV uncertainties, and the two-stage operating framework can well accommodate the onboard PV uncertainties. Further analysis also demonstrates the proposed method has enough flexibility when facing working condition variations.
关键词： mobile microgrid,robustness,extreme learning machine,coordination of generation and demand-side,All-electric ship,photovoltaic generation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Comparative Evaluation of the Accuracy and Robustness of Various Information Processing Algorithms from Tripled Measuring Channels
摘要： Using the example of a three-channel system for measuring the level of filling of tanks of launch vehicles, we perform a comparative assessment of the accuracy and robustness of various algorithms for processing measurement information received from three measuring channels of the same type. We consider various processing algorithms of three equal-precision measurements: finding the arithmetic mean of three equal-precision measurements and a majority choice of three equal-precision measurements. For these algorithms, the probability density function of the measurement errors and confidence limits of the measurement error are found using the assumption of uniform or normal laws of the error distribution of three equally accurate measurements. A generalized algorithm for processing redundant information is proposed. The essence of the generalized algorithm is the addition of three equally accurate measurements taking into account individual weighting factors. Weight coefficients are selected based on the values of three equally accurate measurements: the minimum and maximum values are assigned the same weighting coefficient, and the median is assigned a coefficient which normalizes the sum of the three weighting factors to one. For a generalized algorithm by means of simulation modeling, the confidence limits of the measurement error are determined depending on the selected weighting factors. The robustness of the considered processing algorithms is evaluated for three equally accurate measurements performed on three measuring channels identical in design, with a random perturbation applied to one of the channels. Recommendations on the selection of weights for three equal measurements are given. For the fuel level measurement system under consideration, it is justified to use an algorithm for processing measurement information based on a majority choice of three equally accurate measurements.
关键词： algorithms for processing redundant measurement information,probability density distribution of measurement errors,robustness,weight coefficients,confidence limits of measurement error,Monte Carlo simulation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Origin of the High Donor-Acceptor Composition Tolerance in Device Performance and Mechanical Robustness of All-Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： High tolerance regarding photovoltaic performance in terms of donor:acceptor (D:A) composition ratio is reported for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), which is a crucial advantage in producing large-scale devices with high reproducibility. To understand the origin of high D:A ratio tolerance in all-PSCs, we investigate the molecular weight (MW) effects of the P(NDI2OD-T2) polymer acceptor (PA) on photovoltaic and mechanical robustness of PBDB-T:P(NDI2OD-T2) all-PSCs. Also, we compare the all-PSCs with other types of PSCs consisting of the same polymer donor but using small molecule acceptors (SMAs) including ITIC and PC71BM. It is observed that the D:A ratio tolerances of both the photovoltaic and mechanical properties are highly dependent on the PA MW and the acceptor material types. For example, at a high D:A ratio of 15:1, all-PSCs using high MW PA (number-average molecular weight (Mn)= 97 kg mol-1) exhibit 13 times higher normalized power conversion efficiency (PCE) than all-PSCs using low MW PA (Mn= 11 kg mol-1), and 20 times higher than ITIC-based PSCs. In addition, the electron mobilities in all-PSCs based on high MW PA are well maintained even at very high D:A ratio, whereas the electron mobilities in low MW PA all-PSCs and SMA-based PSCs decrease by 3- and 4-orders of magnitude, respectively, when the D:A ratio increases from 1:1 to 15:1. Thus, we suggest that the formation of tie molecules and chain entanglements by long polymer chains bridging adjacent crystalline domains is the main origin of excellent D:A tolerance in both mechanical robustness and photovoltaic performance. This work provides an important material design guideline for the reproducible production of flexible and stretchable all-PSCs.
关键词： molecular weight effects,mechanical robustness,donor-acceptor composition tolerance,photovoltaic performance,all-polymer solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Adaptive Backstepping-based H∞ Robust con-troller for Photovoltaic Grid-connected Inverter
摘要： To improve the robustness and stability of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system, a nonlinear backstepping-based H∞ controller is proposed. A generic dynamical model of grid-connected inverters is built with the consideration of uncertain parameters and external disturbances that cannot be accurately measured. According to this, the backstepping H∞ controller is designed by combining techniques of adaptive backstepping control and L2-gain robust control. The Lyapunov function is used to design the backstepping controller, and the dissipative inequality is recursively designed. The storage functions of the DC capacitor voltage and grid current are constructed, respectively, and the nonlinear H∞ controller and the parameter update law are obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed controller has the advantage of strong robustness to parameter variations and external disturbances. The proposed controller can also accurately track the references to meet the requirements of high-performance control of grid-connected inverters.
关键词： grid-connected inverter,L2-gain robust control,adaptive backstepping control,Robustness,H∞ controller
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Munich, Germany (2019.6.23-2019.6.27)] 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC) - Phase Noise Robustness of a Coherent Spatially Parallel Optical Reservoir
摘要： Reservoir computing is a machine learning technique that is particularly adapted to process time dependent information. It is also very well suitable to experimental implementations, and in particular photonic implementations. In the present work we propose strategies to improve the phase noise robustness of a spatially parallel reservoir computer based on a coherent photonic cavity without active stabilization. The system, described in [4], is currently under development in our laboratory. It is based on a linear Fabry-Pérot resonator, with neurons encoded as a grid of 9 by 9 focused spots on the input mirror plane, and a nonlinear readout operating at 0.5GHz. The coupling between neurons is realized by a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) placed at the back plane of the cavity and is optimized for each task. We present numerical results obtained for the 4-level channel equalization task, and we find similar results for the NARMA10 task.
关键词： Fabry-Pérot resonator,Spatial Light Modulator,phase noise robustness,Reservoir computing,photonic implementations
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Effect of fullerene substituent on thermal robustness in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
摘要： Effect of fullerene substituent on thermal robustness in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells using a conjugated polymer PTB7-Th. While 175 °C is the best annealing temperature for a solar cell with unmodified C70, it deteriorates a device with a substituted C70 (C70-PCBM). Additionally, annealing at 175 °C does not change the surface of PTB7-Th:C70 film but makes the surface of PTB7-Th:C70-PCBM film bumpy. The results suggest that the substituent promotes the migration of fullerene in polymer:fullerene solid composite.
关键词： fullerene,C70-PCBM,PTB7-Th,bulk heterojunction solar cells,thermal robustness
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) - Athens, Greece (2018.10.7-2018.10.10)] 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) - Characterizing Robustness and Sensitivity of Convolutional Neural Networks in Segmentation of Fluorescence Microscopy Images
摘要： Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) recently have achieved remarkable success in segmentation of biological fluorescence microscopy images. Because many of these networks were developed initially for general computer vison tasks such as object detection and object recognition, it is necessary to characterize their performance to determine how they meet the needs of related biological studies. So far, performance characterization of such networks has focused primarily on segmentation accuracy. It remains unclear how different networks compare in their robustness in handling images of different conditions and their sensitivity in detecting subtle geometrical changes of biological structures. Here, we develop a method that uses realistic synthetic images to characterize the robustness and sensitivity of such networks. We use the method to compare the performance of two widely adopted CNNs: the fully convolutional network (FCN) and the U-Net, in segmentation of complex morphology of mitochondria. We also compare them against an adaptive active-mask algorithm in performance. We find that both networks outperform the adaptive active-mask algorithm in robustness and sensitivity and that U-Net outperforms FCN. Overall, our study provides new insights into the performance of CNNs in segmentation of fluorescence microscopy images.
关键词： Segmentation,robustness,sensitivity,convolutional neural networks,mitochondria
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2018 International Conference On Advances in Communication and Computing Technology (ICACCT) - Sangamner, India (2018.2.8-2018.2.9)] 2018 International Conference On Advances in Communication and Computing Technology (ICACCT) - An Analysis of Wavelet Based Dual Digital Image Watermarking Using SVD
摘要： Intellectual properties are being obtained and reproduced easily. This raises a serious question on the ownership of images. Hence content owners and service providers seek protection of digital multimedia through watermarking. Though watermark is inserted in host image it becomes difficult to prove ownership due to various attacks affecting the image. Hence watermarking should be as robust as possible maintaining the fidelity. As wavelet based image watermarking resembles the human visual system, it is gaining vital importance in protecting copyright information. In this paper a hybrid scheme based on DWT and SVD is implemented. Two watermarks are inserted in host image one by one. After decomposing the primary watermark image into four bands, SVD is applied to each band, and the same secondary watermark is embedded by modifying the singular values. In this way new watermark is generated which is then embedded into host image. Analysis of the method is done after performing different attacks such as rotation, addition of Gaussian and Poisson noise, average filtering etc. on the watermarked host image. The paper also implements dual image watermarking schemes based on DWT and SVD separately. Correlation coefficient of extracted secondary watermark is 0.23481 in SVD based technique whereas in DWT based technique it is 0.74443 for Gaussian noise attack. On the other hand for DWT-SVD based method it is 0.88701. Thus performance of combined DWT-SVD dual image watermarking is proven optimised in comparison with the previously mentioned two methods.
关键词： singular value decomposition,optimisation technique,correlation coefficient,robustness,discrete wavelet transform,Watermark
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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[Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing] Intelligent Computing Volume 858 (Proceedings of the 2018 Computing Conference, Volume 1) || Digital Image Watermarking and Performance Analysis of Histogram Modification Based Methods
摘要： Digital image watermarking is defined as inserting digital signals into a cover image such that the degradation of quality would be minimized and most amounts of the hidden data can be retrieved after geometric and signal processing distortions. In order to select an efficient algorithm in digital image watermarking to fulfill the criteria such as robustness, imperceptibility and capacity, it is necessary to be aware of the specifications of the chosen method. Considering the independency of image histogram from the position of the pixels classifies the histogram modification based watermarking as an appropriate method against geometric and signal processing attacks. This paper investigates the recent presented methods in histogram modification based image watermarking from 2010 to 2017 to identify the weak and strength points of them to emphasize which method should be developed to enhance the performance of the watermarking algorithms in terms of the mentioned criteria. Results show that using the techniques like selection of the adjacent bins intelligently, secret keys and constant points of cover images make them to be a good candidate for image watermarking to withstand against geometric and signal processing attack.
关键词： Robustness,Digital image watermarking,Histogram modification,Imperceptibility
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36