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Future Energy || Photovoltaics, Including New Technologies (Thin Film) and a Discussion on Module Efficiency
摘要： Most of the energy on Earth originates in the radiation that comes from the Sun on the Earth’s surface. At present, mankind uses primarily energy fossil fuels, the origin of which is associated with solar energy products in the pastdcoal, oil, and natural gas. Given the limitations of these sources and the negative effect of greenhouse gas generation on global warming, there is a general tendency to use solar energy to the maximum extent for heat and power generation. Photovoltaic systems that enable the direct conversion of solar energy to electricity are currently among the fastest growing energy segments. After 30 years of development, photovoltaics (PVs) has been recognized as a renewable energy technology that has the potential to contribute signi?cantly to future energy supply. Cumulative installed power yearly growths were on an average more than 40% in the period from 2000 to 2018, and in 2018, the global cumulative PV power installed has reached a level of 512 GWp. Annually installed power reached nearly 110 GWp in 2018, and it is expected to grow in future, while the cost of electrical energy produced by PV systems decreased close to the level of energy produced by conventional sources. This chapter provides important information on both the basics of PV cell and module physics, construction and technology, and other parts of PV systems as converters and auxiliary parts to set up a working system.
关键词： Photovoltaics,Renewable Energy,Solar Energy,Thin Film,Module Efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Analysis of a Residential Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) System in Two Similar Climate Conditions
摘要： Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) panels combine solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies and generate simultaneously both heat and electricity. This paper looks at the potential of integrating these systems into small domestic prosumer households for the climates of Bucharest, Romania, and Strasbourg, France. First, some brief background information on PVT systems and the concept of prosumers is introduced, highlighting their features as well as the solar energy market setting in Romania and France. Next, a PVT system is proposed for a given household consumer in Strasbourg and Bucharest with the variable weather conditions corresponding to the two locations. The PVT system and the coupled consumer are modelled in TRNSYS (v17, Thermal Energy System Specialists, Madison, USA). A performance analysis is carried out in order to establish the daily instantaneous energy output and the annual energy production. The results indicate a 10–12% better performance in Bucharest compared to Strasbourg due to slightly better weather conditions. The system e?ciency was assessed through various methods (?rst law e?ciency and primary energy saving). Depending on the method used, the location and time of year, the results vary from 15% for the ?rst law e?ciency to 90% for the primary energy saving e?ciency. The most suitable e?ciency assessment method for this study was found to be the primary energy saving method, as it takes into account the regional di?erences in energy production. This study concludes that the Romanian PVT market has a good potential for adopting the technology, especially since it is currently less mature than in France.
关键词： photovoltaic-thermal,solar energy,prosumer,renewable energy,micro-cogeneration
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Concentrating photovoltaic retrofit for existing parabolic trough solar collectors: Design, experiments, and levelized cost of electricity
摘要： Photovoltaics and concentrating solar thermal power are two ways for generating electricity from sunlight, albeit through different methods. Parabolic trough style powerplants represent 3.6 GW of electricity production, but many of these plants are aging and being replaced with photovoltaics. An alternative option that could be employed to leverage the sunk capital cost associated with the primary optics would be the design of a pure photovoltaic retrofit working within the existing plant architecture. Here, a secondary optical concentrator is designed to use the existing primary optics of a parabolic trough type solar thermal powerplant. The design is a v-shaped secondary concentrator resulting in a predicted concentration ratio on a 20 mm wide target of 94. The concentrating photovoltaic receiver for retrofit of an RP-3 based parabolic trough has been constructed using multi-junction concentrator photovoltaic cells and experimentally demonstrated here for the first time. Calculated performance of the cells based on cell specifications should result in 31% efficiency at 85 °C. On-sun efficiencies were measured at an average value of 21% with operational temperatures between 55 and 120 °C. Levelized cost of electricity calculations predict the system to have the potential to be below 7￠/kWh based on predicted efficiencies and 13￠/kWh based on the measured values at cell costs of $5/cm2.
关键词： Concentrating solar power (CSP),Solar energy,Retrofit,Photovoltaic (PV)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Modeling and Simulation of a Photosynthetic Solar Cell
摘要： Solar energy’s potential as a clean, abundant, and economical energy source can be effectively exploited if it is converted to electricity. Photosynthetic solar cells (PSCs) convert sunlight to electricity by using plant cells via photosynthesis and respiration. These processes can be interrupted to provide a path of lesser resistance for the transfer of protons and electrons in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system. PSCs require no organic fuel, no active feeding system, and produce carbon-neutral power both day and night. In this article, the mechanisms of photosynthesis that generate electrons and protons in the anode chamber are described and modeled. In addition, the concentrations of various species in the anode and cathode chambers, including plant cells, sugars, reducing agents, and catalysts, are modeled as a function of time and used to simulate the electric potential across the fuel cell. The resulting flow of electrons through the external circuit is described. The influence of non-ideal effects is described and modeled, such as the resistance to the motion of protons, reactants, and products through the electrolyte, which contributes to a voltage drop across the cell. The activation energy required for the chemical reactions also contributes to voltage drop. These dynamics are modeled using differential equations for each species. This model can be used to predict the dynamics of a PSC system under various conditions.
关键词： Microbial fuel cell,Cell power,Modeling,Photosynthetic solar cell,Solar energy,Cell voltage
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 26th International Symposium on the Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA) - Hangzhou, China (2019.7.2-2019.7.5)] 2019 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Physical and Failure Analysis of Integrated Circuits (IPFA) - Characterization of 1122nm Laser for Laser Based Fault Isolation Applications
摘要： This paper presents one of the first studies of the harmonic impact of a significantly large photovoltaic (PV) solar farm of 20 MW in a utility distribution system. This solar farm is a constituent of the 80-MW PV solar farm in Sarnia, Ontario, which is so far the largest solar farm in Canada. The utility network is modeled in detail using the commercial grade PSCAD/EMTDC software, which is validated through load flow studies conducted by CYME software and correlated with SCADA measurements. The validated network model is used for network resonance study and harmonics impact analysis of the solar farms under different network conditions. The harmonics data instrumented for several months were provided by the transmission utility at the two solar farm units and at the main feeder substation. These data were utilized for extensive harmonic impact studies with widely different short-circuit levels and network resonance conditions. This paper presents the detailed procedure adopted for performing such harmonic impact studies. It is concluded that this large solar farm may not cause any substantial voltage distortion on the distribution network during steady-state operating conditions. However, recommendations are made for utilities to perform such studies to ensure the safe operation of critical loads.
关键词： network resonance,total harmonic distortion,solar energy,harmonics,Distribution systems,total demand distortion,photovoltaic (PV) solar system,frequency scan
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Functionalized carbon dots on TiO2 for perovskite photovoltaics and stable photoanodes for water splitting
摘要： Various types of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles, often called carbon dots (CDs), are synthesized by different polycondensation methods: microwave irradiation, hydrothermal conditions or solution chemistry at ambient temperature with subsequent chemical functionalization. The CDs are deposited on TiO2 films to be probed as electron transport layers in perovskite photovoltaics and the anode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nitrogen CDs, which do not contain oxygen, lead to an increase of around 50 mV in the open circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells. All the CD types produce an improved photocurrent in water splitting, particularly CDs that are functionalized with thiol groups and butyl chains. It is demonstrated that the modified electrode is stable under continuous operation. Other electrochemical characteristics of the electrode, such as the voltammogram shape, onset potentials and open circuit potentials, remain nearly unchanged upon the deposition of CDs. Only the incident photon to current conversion efficiency improves clearly, extending the absorption range by around 20 nm towards longer wavelengths. This study provides new data about mechanisms and electrode arrangements for improving the performance of n-type semiconductors in photovoltaic cells and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
关键词： Sustainability,Titanium dioxide,Renewable hydrogen,Carbon nanoparticle,Solar energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Fes, Morocco (25–27 March 2019)] 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Why and how does car-roof PV create 50 GW/year of new installations? Also, why is a static CPV suitable to this application?
摘要： With this car-roof PV, 70 % of passenger’s may be able to run by solar energy. The potential of the market size is 50 GW/year. However, it is not an easy task to meet the requirement of the main component of EV and the creation of the massive market. It is also apparent that the market will be small as far as we only try to apply the conventional crystalline Si cells. The CPV technology with high power conversion efficiency and capable of coloring and covering on the three-dimensional curved surface is suitable for this market. The static CPV is useful for this application with a better collection of diffused sunlight. One of the problems is the spectrum mismatching. However, this issue is easily solved by adjustment of the bandgap of the bottom cell.
关键词： car-roof PV,multi-junction cells,solar energy,electric vehicles,static CPV
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A salt-resistant Janus evaporator assembled from ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires and nickel oxide for efficient and recyclable solar desalination
摘要： Solar energy-driven interfacial water evaporation is a promising energy utilization technology in the field of seawater desalination and water purification. However, the accumulation of salt on the heating surface severely impairs the water evaporation performance and long-time stability. Herein, we demonstrate a new kind of photothermal paper comprising a high-temperature-resistant paper made from ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires and glass fibers and black nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles for solar energy-driven desalination. Owing to the high photothermal conversion ability, fast water transportation in the air-laid paper, and good heat insulation, the hydrophilic HN/NiO photothermal paper can achieve efficient, stable and recyclable water evaporation performance. In addition, a Janus HN/NiO photothermal paper based on hydrophobic sodium oleate-modified ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires has been developed, and it has a high water evaporation efficiency of 83.5% under 1 kW m?2 irradiation. In particular, with the bottom hydrophobic ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire layer and water-transporting channels in the air-laid paper to facilitate salt exchange, the as-prepared Janus evaporator exhibits no salt accumulation on the surface, high performance and long-time stable desalination using simulated seawater (3.5 wt% NaCl). Furthermore, the Janus evaporator with the hydrophobic ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowire substrate can be extended to support other photothermal materials such as black titanium oxide (Ti2O3) and Ketjen black carbon. The as-prepared Janus HN/Ti2O3 and Janus HN/KB photothermal paper also exhibit salt-resistant desalination function. The as-prepared Janus salt-resistant photothermal paper with efficient, stable and recyclable merits has great potential in solar energy-driven desalination and water purification.
关键词： desalination,interfacial water evaporation,water purification,solar energy-driven,photothermal paper,ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires,nickel oxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Plum Puddinga??Like Electrocatalyst of Na??Doped SnO <sub/><i>x</i> </sub> @Sn Loaded on Carbon Matrix to Construct Photovoltaic CO <sub/>2</sub> Reduction System with Solara??toa??Fuel Efficiency of 11.3%
摘要： A plum pudding-like Sn-based electrocatalyst is synthesized by calcinating precursor of SnC2O4 on carbon black with polymeric carbon nitride. This material exhibits a structure of Sn metallic ball coated by nitrogen-doped SnOx native layer (N-doped SnOx@Sn) embedding on carbon matrix. The electrochemical activity of the CN-Sn catalyst. The introduction of nitrogen that occupies interstitial space of surface SnOx layer further enhances electron transport; furthermore, it provides an electron-rich environment for oxygen because of its lower electronegativity, which is the fundamental cause of selectivity in electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. The maximum CO faradaic efficiency over the optimal catalyst reaches 57.5% with a high CO partial current density of 6.09 mA cm-2 at -0.7 V vs. RHE. This catalyst is further applied to construct a photovoltaic-electrocatalytic CO2 reduction/oxygen evolution reaction device to stably convert CO2 to chemicals for 6 hs at a high solar-to-fuel efficiency of 11.3%. This work explores a strategy of rational modulation on surface electronic structure to obtain high-performance electrocatalysts, inspiring the selectivity tuning in electrochemical CO2 reduction via electronegativity difference of various elements.
关键词： Sn,Doping,Electrocatalysis,Solar Energy Conversion,CO2 Reduction
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Cephalopod-inspired versatile design based on plasmonic VO2 nanoparticle for energy-efficient mechano-thermochromic windows
摘要： Privacy and energy-saving are key functionalities for next-generation smart windows, while to achieve them independently on a window is challenging. Inspired by the cephalopod skin, we have developed a versatile thermo- and mechano-chromic design to overcome such challenge and reveal the mechanism via both experiments and simulations. The design is facile with good scalability, consisted of well-dispersed vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with temperature-dependent localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in transparent elastomers with dynamic micro wrinkles. While maintaining a fixed solar energy modulation of (?Tsol), the design can dynamically control visible transmittance (Tvib) from 60% to 17%, adding a new dimension to VO2-based smart windows. We prove that the optical modulation relies on the microtexture-induced broadband diffraction and the plasmon-enhanced near-infrared absorbance of VO2 NPs. We further present a series of modified designs towards additional functionalities. This work opens an avenue for independent dual-mode windows and it may inspire development from fundamental material, optic, and mechanical science to energy-related applications.
关键词： Mechanochromic,Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance,Solar Energy Modulation,Bio-inspired,Wrinkle,Smart Window
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57