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How Emerging Country MNEs (EMNEs) Address the Liability of Foreignness: The Solar Panel Case
摘要： Much existing literature on the Liability of Foreignness (LoF) concentrates on the manner in which it impacts on the strategy and performance of service based Multi-National Enterprises (MNEs) from developed economies expanding through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Few researchers have explored the LoF faced by more trade-oriented companies or Emerging market MNEs (EMNEs). This paper seeks to contribute to these gaps in the literature by exploring how LoF impacts on trade-based internationalisation by EMNEs and the mitigating strategies used to reduce LoF in this context. Through a case study of the European Union (EU) antidumping investigation against Chinese solar panel producers, the paper will seek to shed light on these questions. The case demonstrates how Chinese MNEs used sophisticated strategies of localisation, alliance-building and appealing to universal values in seeking to overcome their LoF. We argue that the evolution of company strategy in this case demonstrates both that LoF is relevant to trade-oriented MNEs and that existing research can provide useful insights into potential strategies for mitigation. We also argue that MNEs in this case also benefited from an Asset of Foreignness (AoF) in that they had a pro-active, supportive home state.
关键词： EMNEs,China,Liability of Foreignness,solar panels,EU trade policy,antidumping
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 2nd School on Dynamics of Complex Networks and their Application in Intellectual Robotics (DCNAIR) - Saratov, Russia (2018.10.8-2018.10.10)] 2018 2nd School on Dynamics of Complex Networks and their Application in Intellectual Robotics (DCNAIR) - Autonomous Power Supply System of Magnetron Generators Group
摘要： The issues which emerge at autonomous power supply system development are considered. The objects of power supply are magnetron generators groups as part of technological complex with a distributed supply of microwave energy.
关键词： solar panels,wind generator,power supply system,diesel generator,magnetron
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Determining Series Resistance for Equivalent Circuit Models of a PV Module
摘要： Literature describes various methods for determining a series resistance for a photovoltaic device from measured IV curves. We investigate use of these techniques to estimate the series resistance parameter for a single diode equivalent circuit model. With simulated IV curves we demonstrate that the series resistance values obtained by these techniques differ systematically from the known series resistance parameter values used to generate the curves, indicating that these methods are not suitable for determining the series resistance parameter for the single diode model equation. We present an alternative method to determine the series resistance parameter jointly with the other parameters for the single diode model equation, and demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this technique in the presence of measurement errors.
关键词： Current-voltage characteristics,parameter extraction,electric resistance,solar panels
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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The US solar panel anti-dumping duties versus uniform tariff
摘要： The US switched its China and Taiwan anti-dumping duties to uniform tariffs on all imports of solar panels in January 2018. This research uses an Equilibrium Displacement Model (EDM) to determine the relative effects of these two tariffs on domestic consumer and producer welfare, employment, government revenue, and environmental costs. The results indicate that uniform tariffs are more effective than the specific-country tariffs because of higher welfare for domestic manufacturers and higher government revenue. However, the uniform tariffs hurt American consumers, employees, and the environment more than the other because of higher domestic price and larger domestic demand reduction. Therefore, if a policy aims to create more jobs and have less effect on consumers and the environment, a specific-country tariff might be preferable. However, uniform tariffs are better if the administration intends to support domestic manufacturers and increase government revenue.
关键词： Welfare,Discriminatory tariff,Unemployment,Solar panels,Environment,Uniform tariff
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[Energy, Environment, and Sustainability] Advances in Solar Energy Research || On the Use of Origami for Solar Energy Harvesting
摘要： Reentry vehicles and satellites harness the radiation from the Sun using an array of solar panels. These panels are folded compactly, and are quickly unfolded for operations once the satellite is in outer space. During reentry into the earth’s atmosphere, the solar panels must be folded and re-stowed. For the efficient folding and unfolding of the solar panels, a concept of origami called Miura folding has been utilized, which is achieved with the help of robots. These solar panels have been developed primarily at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Zirbel et al. in Accommodating arrays. ASME. origami-based International design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, vol 6b: 37th mechanisms and robotics conference, 2014). Origami, the art of paper folding involving the creation of two and/or three-dimensional shapes, can be of paramount importance when space is limited and can be used as a compactly stowed system that transforms into a 3D structure with variable functionality. This chapter reviews the attempts made so far by the scientific community in applying the principles of origami in solar panel arrays. A few studies suggest the possibility of using rigid origami in the manufacture of stretchable electronics without employing elastomeric materials. They specifically fabricated origami-enabled stretchable solar cells, which can achieve significant deformability.
关键词： Solar energy,Origami,Solar panels
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Simulating the efficient diffusion of photovoltaics in Bogot??: An urban metabolism approach
摘要： Urban metabolism has proven to be suitable for assessing the environmental performance of cities. Bogotá, one of the world’s highest-located and largest tropical cities, has made little use of rooftop photovoltaics, despite its potential. Using a simulation model, based on the urban metabolism approach, this paper examines several possible PV technology diffusion paths considering the consumer adoption processes of the residential, commercial, industrial and institutional sectors of the city. Further, the impact of PV diffusion is analyzed in terms of urban metabolism indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions and reduction of technical losses in the electricity system. Results indicate that policy is required for promoting consumer awareness about the use of PVs for meeting electricity demand. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of up to 820,000t of CO2 per year could be achieved. Adoption rates in the residential sector of the order of 26% could be possible. This in turn would represent an installed capacity of 1.5 GW, and emission reductions of 450,000t of CO2 per year. Additionally, the commercial sector could reach a potential installed capacity of 1.2 GW. The industrial and institutional sectors could reach an installed capacity of about 10 MW and 70 MW respectively.
关键词： Technology adoption modelling,Distributed generation,Urban metabolism,Solar panels,Bogotá
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Experimental study with analysis for a novel saturated activated alumina photovoltaic thermal system
摘要： This paper presents a novel photovoltaic thermal system based on water absorption-desorption phenomenon using activated alumina. Experimental work for a promising photovoltaic thermal system that utilise activated alumina tablets as heat absorbing and storing element is presented. Based on the experimental results, electrical, thermal and combined energy efficiencies were calculated and compared with the stand-alone PV panel efficiency. Three identical systems -containing 10 cm depth saturated activated alumina mixed with aluminium mesh cuts-were attached to the back surface of simulated solar panel. The three systems were tested at 600, 800 and 1000 W/m2 for 6 consecutive working hours, representing sun shining time. Results showed a net energy efficiency of 57% and 53.6% at 600 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 respectively. The electrical efficiency increased by 10.4% and 6.7% at 600 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2, respectively, compared with the stand-alone panel. This led to an increase in total energy generation by 309% and 319.5% at 600 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 respectively, compared with stand-alone solar panel.
关键词： Solar panels,PV/T,Activated alumina,Materials,Saturated,Cooling
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Microbial Ecology on Solar Panels in Berkeley, CA, United States
摘要： Solar panels can be found practically all over the world and represent a standard surface that can be colonized by microbial communities that are resistant to harsh environmental conditions, including high irradiation, temperature fluctuations and desiccation. These properties make them not only ideal sources of stress-resistant bacteria, but also standard devices to study the microbial communities and their colonization process from different areas of Earth. We report here a comprehensive description of the microbial communities associated with solar panels in Berkeley, CA, United States. Cultivable bacteria were isolated to characterize their adhesive capabilities, and UV- and desiccation-resistance properties. Furthermore, a parallel culture-independent metagenomic and metabolomic approach has allowed us to gain insight on the taxonomic and functional nature of these communities. Metagenomic analysis was performed using the Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing platform, revealing that bacterial population of the Berkeley solar panels is composed mainly of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, as well as lower amounts of Deinococcus-Thermus and Firmicutes. Furthermore, a clear predominance of Hymenobacter sp. was also observed. A functional analysis revealed that pathways involved in the persistence of microbes on solar panels (i.e., stress response, capsule development, and metabolite repair) and genes assigned to carotenoid biosynthesis were common to all metagenomes. On the other hand, genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and general autotrophic subsystems were rare, suggesting that these pathways are not critical for persistence on solar panels. Metabolomics was performed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach. When comparing the metabolome of the solar panels from Berkeley and from Valencia (Spain), a very similar composition in polar metabolites could be observed, although some metabolites appeared to be differentially represented (for example, trigonelline, pantolactone and 5-valerolactone were more abundant in the samples from Valencia than in the ones from Berkeley). Furthermore, triglyceride metabolites were highly abundant in all the solar panel samples, and both locations displayed similar profiles. The comparison of the taxonomic profile of the Californian solar panels with those previously described in Spain revealed striking similarities, highlighting the central role of both selective pressures and the ubiquity of microbial populations in the colonization and establishment of microbial communities.
关键词： microbiome,stress-resistant bacteria,solar panels,metabolomics,metagenomics
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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The use of light filters in the photovoltaic solar power station to improve economic efficiency
摘要： The agriculture and forestry sector require a solution to the problem of energy supply to autonomous consumers. The use of renewable energy sources is relevant worldwide in accordance with environmental requirements. The paper considers the project of a photovoltaic solar power station using light filters to reduce the number of solar panels to provide the required power. The Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University has developed an experimental setup for studying the characteristics of solar panels using light filters. The aim of the study is to develop a technology for the use of light filters in photovoltaic solar power station and to optimize their operation modes in order to increase the economic efficiency of using autonomous sources for power supply to agricultural consumers. The objectives of the study are the selection and analysis of light filter materials to increase the generated power, substantiate the application of the photovoltaic solar power station for autonomous objects of agriculture and forestry and prove the economic efficiency of the proposed installation. The paper presents the results of a study of the characteristics of solar modules using filters, the main economic indicators are calculated, the economic efficiency of the use of filters is proved. The use of photovoltaic solar power station will ensure a reduction in the cost of electricity generation by 7% compared to existing plants.
关键词： economic efficiency,renewable energy sources,photovoltaic solar power station,solar panels,light filters
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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The study of photovoltaic systems performance using various azimuth angles and solar array tilt positions
摘要： The study of photovoltaic energy and load predictions have become essential with the increase of energy demand. The objective of this paper is to present an analytical study on the performance of photovoltaic system with various azimuth angles and solar array tilt positions. The output power of a solar module is mainly dependent on its tilt position, solar irradiation, type of solar cell, and the technical properties of the module. The data used in this work consist of two different locations. The outcome of this work shows that the energy production influenced heavily on the weather conditions, location, azimuth angles and tilt positions. Within this work, parameters such as planes-of-array irradiance, net to inverter output power, net to grid output power and performance ratio have been studied. The developed analytical study is anticipated to provide a better understanding on the energy production and load usage in accordance with suitable tilt angle of solar array in a specific location.
关键词： energy efficiency,azimuth angle,Photovoltaic system,solar panels tilt positions
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52