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A portable and universal upconversion nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay platform for point-of-care testing
摘要： Upconversion nanoparticle-based lateral flow assays (UCNP-LFAs) have attracted significant attention in point-of-care testing (POCT) applications, due to the long-term photostability and enhanced signal-to-background noise ratio. The existing UCNP-LFAs generally require peripheral equipment for exciting fluorescent signals and reading out fluorescence results, which are generally bulky and expensive. Herein, we developed a miniaturized and portable UCNP-LFA platform, which is composed of a LFA detection system, an UCNP-LFA reader and a smartphone-assisted UCNP-LFA analyzer. The LFA detection system is based on three types of UCNPs for multiplexed detection. The reader has a dimension of 24.0 cm×9.4 cm×5.4 cm (L×W×H) and weight of 0.9 kg. The analyzer based on the custom-designed software of a smartphone (termed as UCNP-LFA analyzer) can get the quantitative analysis results in a real-time manner. We demonstrated the universality of this platform by highly sensitive and quantitative detections of several kinds of targets, including small molecule (ochratoxin A, OTA), heavy metal ion (Hg2+), bacteria (salmonella, SE), nucleic acid (hepatitis B virus, HBV) and protein (growth stimulation expressed gene 2, ST-2). Our developed UCNP-LFA platform holds great promise for applications in disease diagnostics, environmental pollution monitoring and food safety at the point of care.
关键词： UCNP-based biosensor,telemedicine,point-of-care diagnostics,paper microfluidics,multiplexed detection,miniaturized device
更新于2025-11-28 14:23:57
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Home-based visual field test for glaucoma screening comparison with Humphrey perimeter
摘要： Purpose: To present a home-based visual field examination method using a PC monitor or virtual reality glasses and evaluate the reliability of the method by comparing the results with those of the Humphrey perimeter, in order to assess the possibility of glaucoma screening through the Internet. Materials and methods: Software implementing a supra-threshold algorithm for the central 24° (52 points) of visual field at three threshold levels: 1) -4 db, 2) -8 db, and 3) -12 db, from the age-expected sensitivity was used for the purpose of testing. The software uses the web camera as a “virtual photometer” in order to detect room luminosity and allows self-testing using a computer monitor or virtual reality glasses using an Android smartphone with a 6-inch display. The software includes an expert system to analyze the visual field image and validate the reliability of the results. It also allows the physician to combine the results from two or more tests into a single test in order to achieve higher statistical accuracy of the final result. A total of ten patients, 20 eyes tested×52 points per eye=1,040 visual field test points, were compared point to point to those obtained using the Humphrey perimeter for the same patients, as they appeared randomly and consecutively at the glaucoma department within hours. Results: Good receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve coefficient was found, ranging from 0.762 to 0.837 (P,0.001). Sensitivity ranged from 0.637 to 0.942, and specificity ranged from 0.735 to 0.497. Conclusion: The home-based visual field test exhibits a reasonable receiver operating characteristic curve when compared to the Humphrey perimeter, without the need of specialized equipment. The test may be useful for glaucoma screening.
关键词： glaucoma,virtual reality,android smart-phone,online visual field,computer monitor,internet,teleophthalmology,telemedicine,screening
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Asymmetry of Retinopathy of Prematurity Border in the Telemedicine Approaches to Evaluating Acute-Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity Study
摘要： Purpose: To measure the location of the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) border in a sample of premature infants who developed ROP and determine location for predicting subsequent development of referral-warranted ROP (RW-ROP, defined as Stage 3 ROP, zone I ROP, or plus disease) or treated ROP. Design: Secondary analysis of data from an observational cohort study, The Telemedicine Approaches to Evaluating Acute-Phase Retinopathy of Prematurity (e-ROP) study. Subjects: Infants with birth weight (BW) less than 1251g with at least one exam and image session at ≤34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) with ROP not meeting RW-ROP, and at least one subsequent exam at ≥36 weeks PMA. Methods: The 5-image set from the first imaging session for each eligible eye was mosaicked, and measurements of the ROP border in each mosaicked image were made using Image J. Measurements were compared among 3 groups of eyes with ROP: (1) never developed RW-ROP or received treatment, (2) developed RW-ROP but did not receive treatment, and (3) received treatment; using analysis of variance and linear trend tests that accounted for the inter-eye correlation. Main outcome measures: RW-ROP, treated ROP Results: 317 eyes from 217 infants with mean BW 755g, mean GA 25 weeks, and mean PMA 33 weeks at first exam met study criteria. Of 211 (66.6%) eyes with sufficient quality images for grading, 147 (69.7%) did not develop RW-ROP or receive treatment, 36 (17.1%) developed RW-ROP not requiring treatment, and 28 (13.3%) received treatment for ROP. Among all eyes, the disc-to-ROP border distance followed a consistent pattern, with nasal < inferior < superior < temporal. Eyes that developed RW-ROP or underwent treatment had significantly shorter nasal and temporal disc-to-ROP border distances and smaller areas of retina within the ROP border. In multivariate analysis adjusted by BW and GA, nasal ROP border distance was a significant predictor of developing treated ROP (OR=0.86 for every 10 pixel increase in distance, p=0.002). Conclusions: ROP is located asymmetrically around the optic disc and is closest to the optic disc nasally. Location of ROP nasally at first imaging is a significant predictor of developing treated ROP.
关键词： retinopathy of prematurity,ROP,asymmetry,telemedicine,optic disc
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America) - Gramado, Brazil (2019.9.15-2019.9.18)] 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America) - Maximum Power Point Tracking through Magic Square for Photovoltaic Modules Under Partial Shading
摘要： Clinical data are crucial for any medical case to study and understand a patient’s condition and to give the patient the best possible treatment. Pervasive healthcare systems apply information and communication technology to enable the usage of ubiquitous clinical data by authorized medical persons. However, quality of clinical data in these applications is, to a large extent, determined by the technological context of the patient. A technological context is characterized by potential technological disruptions that affect optimal functioning of technological resources. The clinical data based on input from these technological resources can therefore have quality degradations. If these degradations are not noticed, the use of this clinical data can lead to wrong treatment decisions, which potentially puts the patient’s safety at risk. This paper presents an ontology that speci?es the relation among technological context, quality of clinical data, and patient treatment. The presented ontology provides a formal way to represent the knowledge to specify the effect of technological context variations in the clinical data quality and the impact of the clinical data quality on a patient’s treatment. Accordingly, this ontology is the foundation for a quality of data framework that enables the development of telemedicine systems that are capable of adapting the treatment when the quality of the clinical data degrades, and thus guaranteeing patients’ safety even when technological context varies.
关键词： quality of data,telemedicine,Context,ontology
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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RAMS: Remote and automatic mammogram screening
摘要： About one in eight women in the U.S. will develop invasive breast cancer at some point in life. Breast cancer is the most common cancer found in women and if it is identified at an early stage by the use of mammograms, x-ray images of the breast, then the chances of successful treatment can be high. Typically, mammograms are screened by radiologists who determine whether a biopsy is necessary to ascertain the presence of cancer. Although historical screening methods have been effective, recent advances in computer vision and web technologies may be able to improve the accuracy, speed, cost, and accessibility of mammogram screenings. We propose a total screening solution comprised of three main components: a web service for uploading images and reviewing results, a machine learning algorithm for accepting or rejecting images as valid mammograms, and an artificial neural network for locating potential malignancies. Once an image is uploaded to our web service, an image acceptor determines whether or not the image is a mammogram. The image acceptor is primarily a one-class SVM built on features derived with a variational autoencoder. If an image is accepted as a mammogram, the malignancy identifier, a ResNet-101 Faster R-CNN, will locate tumors within the mammogram. On test data, the image acceptor had only 2 misclassifications out of 410 mammograms and 2 misclassifications out of 1,640 non-mammograms while the malignancy identifier achieved 0.951 AUROC when tested on BI-RADS 1, 5, and 6 images from the INbreast dataset.
关键词： Faster R-CNN,SVM,Deep Learning,DDSM,Convolutional,TensorFlow,INbreast,Mammograms,Telemedicine,Artificial Neural Network
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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[IEEE 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - Rome, Italy (2019.6.17-2019.6.20)] 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring) - ACS-fed Electrically Small Metamaterial Inspired Dual Polarized Antenna Enabled with Staircase Radiating Strips for UMTS/WiMAX/WLAN Applications
摘要： Real-time monitoring of cardiac health is helpful for patients with cardiovascular disease. Many telemedicine systems based on ubiquitous computing and communication techniques have been proposed for monitoring the user’s electrocardiogram (ECG) anywhere and anytime. Usually, wet electrodes are used in these telemedicine systems. However, wet electrodes require conduction gels and skin preparation that can be inconvenient and uncomfortable for users. In order to overcome this issue, a new non-contact electrode circuit was proposed and applied in developing a mobile electrocardiogram monitoring system. The proposed non-contact electrode can measure bio-potentials across thin clothing, allowing it to be embedded in a user’s normal clothing to monitor ECG in daily life. We attempted to simplify the design of these non-contact electrodes to reduce power consumption while continuing to provide good signal quality. The electrical speci?cations and the performance of monitoring arrhythmia in clinical settings were also validated to investigate the reliability of the proposed design. Experimental results show that the proposed non-contact electrode provides good signal quality for measuring ECG across thin clothes.
关键词： non-contact electrode,mobile electrocardiogram monitoring system,electrocardiogram (ECG),telemedicine,Arrhythmia
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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A Signal Processing Method for Respiratory Rate Estimation through Photoplethysmography
摘要： Monitoring of respiration is crucial for determining a patient′s health status, specially previously and after an operation. However, many conventional methods are difficult to use in a spontaneously ventilating patient. This paper presents a method for estimating respiratory rate from the signal of a photoplethysmograph. This is a non-invasive sensor that can be used to obtain an estimation of beats per minute of a given patient by measuring light reflection on the patient’s blood vessel and counting changes in blood flow. The PPG signal also offers information about respiration, so respiratory rate can be obtained through signal processing. The proposed method based on digital filtering was implemented in a wearable device and tested on 30 volunteers, and the results were compared with the ones measured by traditional ways. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between the data measured by the device and the traditional method.
关键词： biomedical signal processing,telemedicine,photoplethysmography,respiratory rate
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Detection and Treatment Systems based on Optics and Photonics in New Age Healthcare Management
摘要： The world is becoming smaller in the means of communication and information but we are yet short to make basic medical needs deliverable universally. There have been many breakthroughs and advancements in the field of medical and healthcare but they fall scant in stature, in terms of taking care of major healthcare problems across the globe. If we look closely, major healthcare problems can be classified as primary and secondary. Accurate diagnosis, treatment and therapies for severe diseases and disorders which are prolonged threat to life form the primary healthcare problems. Secondary health care problems include conditions like trauma, or accidents, or mishaps in daily life. The latter healthcare conditions demand for quick and immediate medical attention for stabilizing the victims and then initiate recovery. Human population is advancing in terms of medical technologies with respect to diagnostic and treatment modalities to tackle serious healthcare issues, but most of the latest medical technologies are available in established centres which are formed by a high economic investment. The high cost makes the technology unavailable to a majority of the population residing in developing countries. In cases of road trauma several factors need to be considered within a small time frame to provide immediate medical supervision, also medical procedures to be provided simultaneously in no time. The loss in time in such cases eventually leads to loss of life or loss of functionality of organs. Excessive losses of blood or internal injuries are most common but are involved with most time consumption for proper attention and diagnosis leading to irreversible lethality to important organs like brain, heart, liver or kidneys. Thus researchers are continuously developing diagnostic and therapeutic systems which are affordable in resource poor settings. Optical technologies provide most suitable approach for deployment in resource poor settings. Optical technologies are continuously evolving and advancing our healthcare systems. Proper utilization and conditioning of light spectrum and exploring optical properties of novel materials have shown promising results for development of medical techniques. Modification, assembly and combination of optical equipment’s can be easily integrated to form dedicated instruments for health anomalies. As a requirement to increase deliverability, solutions need to rely on new components which travel and transfer information faster. Use of light for above purpose can solve all the above mentioned perils and also provide non-invasive and harmless method of diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic and scanning techniques like PET, X-ray, CT etc. have already employed optical techniques for in vivo imaging and surgery. Endoscopic examination of GIT involves use of light and camera inserted using a flexible tube and a colour TV monitor is the basic example of use of optics for imaging and visualization of disease manifestations [1]. On the other hand, lasers are part of helpful optical instruments in the medical sector from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to sutures and vessels sealing from time to time [2,3] In case of DVT by ‘Laser Thrombolysis’ (Use of laser pulses to remove the clots) using different sets of lasers and intensity, timings are used to disintegrate the clot without making unnecessary incisions [2-4]. Lasers are also deployed in sensitive surgical procedures for vision impairment owing to its precision, reach, and less invasive properties. Apart from proven aesthetic uses like tattoo and pigmentation removal, optical instruments are also to be utilized in the field of non-invasive patient monitoring systems as optical pulse and oxygen saturation analyser for uninterrupted patient recovery and observation. Various skin diseases are being tested by scope of optical scanning including skin cancer, chronic pain using ‘photo-dynamic therapy’ [2,3]. The scope of optical techniques in diagnostic and therapeutic usage has been described in the adjoining (Figure 1). The use of optics is not restricted to one property or one field but it appears as vast as its extension in spectrum thus the same source and property of light can also be used in other objectives with few changes, establishing its integration compactly and low energy tool developments. These prospects are greatest and most desirable cues for using optical technology in almost every field where portability and ambulatory utilization is very high in demand. Recently, a healthcare company ‘THERANOS’ developed 140 types of testing and analysis with a single drop of blood and has been well received in scientific community [5]. The product signifies the precision, reaching ability, less invasive nature and adaptability to different needs of the system. Similarly, optical characteristic profiling gives strong hope for testing other soft or hard tissue like bone and density and bodily samples as well on the basis of signal processing internally or by sampling them out in very fewer quantities than the existing procedures. In another application of pulse oximetry red and infra-red light is utilized to get the absorbance of dissolved gasses and saturation level of biological carriers like haemoglobin. Continuous monitoring systems like pulse oximetry capable to detect pulse rates, O2 and CO2 gasses saturation level can be deployed [1-2,6-12]. Infrared thermometers or pulse laser thermometers or temperature guns working on the principle of capturing and measuring infrared emittance of a heated body by focusing it to a particular spot; which is not only applicable in medical field but serves very vast field of applications and industrial areas. Lasers and optics make another robust base for telemedicine and remote analysis prospective in healthcare field with appropriate placements and counter check with other indicative and suggestive parameters. Telemedicine and remote analysis can provide a huge possibility for screening by non-invasive method and remote execution. Development of analytic tools in movement and body structure related disorders with added benefit of being non-invasive as in GAIT and posture analysis [2-7]. Different types of lasers are being combined for the therapies like CO2 lasers are used to make incisions in tissues with low vascularity (mostly used in neurosurgery for precision), while on the other hand with Nd-YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) lasers are applicable in high vascular areas and tumour shrinkage, or surgical removal without leaving scars owing to energy dependent concentration where tumours can be thermally destroyed by concentrating the laser beam. This strategy also prevents undue toxicity to normal cells in comparison to other chemotherapeutic methods [2]. It also allows separation of tumours from vital structures minimizing low risk to surrounding tissues in the removal of tumours with surgeries. Use of monochromatic light absorption property different levels of tissues within internal layers can be operated with success [3,4]. Another example is maintenance of secretory activity of small glands glands can be maintained by using a catheter to remove over-secretory regions by flashing laser pulses. Above mentioned properties surely give an upper hand to practitioners and surgeons for performing highly complex procedures in critical areas like brain where collateral damage can lead to severe implications. Needless to mention that these procedures save a lot of time, effort, risk of collateral damage to surrounding tissues, and manage blood loss in comparison to normal surgical procedure subsequently leading to early and sound recovery without any scar formation or associated complications. Conditions associated with brain are most susceptible and irreversible to collateral damage owing to non-repairable nature of brain structures. Cerebral hypoxia associated with trauma cases due to low blood pressure or clot formation and subsequent fall in essential nutrition is one such process which is not completely understood by researchers and physicians. The neurons are dependent for supplies on the blood flow to the brain and other parts of nervous system, and these constant supplies are utilized in the energy production to carry out different duties, most primarily conduction of impulses via interneuron junctions called synapse in a vast interconnected complex network lying all across the brain tissue. Whenever brain is exposed to resource scanty conditions the important physiological responses are hampered as brain doesn’t have any kind of storage facility for energy produced. The brain does not have pain receptors or physical warning signs for indicating ongoing damage which ultimately leads to brain tissue death [1,2-15]. Cerebral hypoxia causes a partial/complete loss of functionality of brain tissues due to degeneration [12-18]. The most alarming part is that the function of that part cannot be restored by any present therapeutic manner as brain tissue doesn’t inhabit the power of regeneration, surgical and chemotherapeutic treatments are also less effective due to complexity of the organ and the presence of blood brain barrier. Invasive procedures for brain trauma treatment are associated with vulnerabilities to damage of other parts of brain. In response to detrimental conditions, at times the brain activates and alters different control mechanisms of normal physiological factors and bodily conditions under its command; towards the values, which are of opposite effect on present danger in order to nullify its further negative effect on neural tissue. The Brain raises cerebral blood pressure and breathing rates by neural control centre to fulfil elevated demand of oxygen or nutrient. Along with these parameters neural activity at brain also increases several folds to prepare and release more counter measures for present dangerous situation, as biochemical messengers responsible to initiate vascularisation and elevate blood pressure at cellular level by constricting blood vessels, are released in bloodstream returning from cerebral region to increase blood vessels [11,14,15-17]. We believe that research in mapping of cerebral hypoxia can be a new prospective area of research to be dealt using optical methodologies. It is also interesting to see the enthusiasm of national and international organizations who are supporting this initiative by financial and resources aid. It will be astonishing if in near future we can develop a whole automated setup based on optical and electrical components capable to capture whole body scans at once without any human intervention especially in remote and resource poor healthcare settings [3,5,19].
关键词： Optical technologies,Diagnostics,Healthcare,Telemedicine,Remote analysis,Therapeutics,Photonics,Lasers,Non-invasive methods,Optics
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Use of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory to Test Patient Satisfaction with Asynchronous Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
摘要： Objective. The purpose of the study is to extend research on patient satisfaction with telemedicine services by employing the theoretical framework of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) for diabetic retinopathy screenings focusing on rural patients. Method. Adult subjects (n=220) with diabetes were recruited from a single family practice office in rural Iowa. Subjects completed a “pre” survey concerning their forward-looking perceptions of telemedicine prior to using telemedicine for detection of diabetic retinopathy and a “post” survey after they received recommendations from the distant ophthalmologists. Results. All hypotheses of the EDT model were supported. Patient satisfaction is influenced by both patients’ expectations (P<.001) and disconfirmation of expectations (P<.001), and patient satisfaction has a positive impact on patient preference for telemedicine services (P<.001). Overall, patients who received telemedicine services were highly satisfied with telemedicine and developed a favorable disposition towards telemedicine services. Conclusions. The EDT model is a viable framework to study patient satisfaction of telemedicine services. While previous feasibility studies have shown that telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings yields diagnostic efficacy, this study applies a theoretical framework to demonstrate the viability of telemedicine for diabetic retinopathy screenings in rural areas.
关键词： diabetic retinopathy,telemedicine,rural healthcare,patient satisfaction,Expectation Disconfirmation Theory
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Telemedicine-based diabetic retinopathy screening programs: an evaluation of utility and cost-effectiveness
摘要： Diabetes is the main cause of blindness among working age adults, although treatment is highly effective in preventing vision loss. Eye examinations are recommended on a yearly basis for most patients for timely detection of retinal disease. Telemedicine-based diabetic retinopathy screening (TMDRS) programs have been developed to identify patients with sight-threatening diabetic eye disease because patients are often noncompliant with recommended live eye examinations. This article reviews the cost-effectiveness of the various forms of TMDRS. A review of relevant articles, mostly published since 2008, shows that societal benefits generally outweigh the costs of TMDRS. However, advances in technology to improve efficacy, lower costs, and broaden screening to other sight-threatening conditions, such as glaucoma and refractive error, are necessary to improve the sustainability of TMDRS within health care organizations. Patient satisfaction with these telemedicine programs is generally high. New models of shared care with primary care providers and staff are emerging to improve patient engagement and follow-up care when individuals are found to have sight-threatening eye disease. TMDRS programs are growing and provide valuable clinical benefit. The cost-utility is currently well proven in locations with limited access to regular eye care services, such as rural areas, poor communities, and prison systems; however, improvements over time are necessary for these programs to be cost-effective in mainstream medical settings in the future.
关键词： telemedicine,retinopathy,retinal imaging,diabetes
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46