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Optogenetic?Stimulation of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Ameliorates Autistic-Like Behaviors in Rats Induced by Neonatal Isolation, Caudate Putamen as a Site for Alteration
摘要： Epigenetic agents, such as neonatal isolation during neurodevelopmental period of life, can change various regions of the brain. It may further induce psychological disorders such as autistic-like phenomena. This study indicated the role of chronic increased anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) output on alteration of caudate putamen (CPu) as a main behavior regulator region of the brain in adult maternal deprived (MD) rats. For making an animal model, neonates were isolated from their mothers in postnatal days (PND 1–10, 3 h/day). Subsequently, they bilaterally received pLenti-CaMKIIa-hChR2 (H134R)-mCherry-WPRE virus in ACC area via stereotaxic surgery in PND50. After 22 days, these regions were exposed to blue laser (473 nm) for six consecutive days (15 min/day). Then, behavioral deficits were tested and were compared with control group in the following day. Animals were immediately killed and their brains were prepared for tissue processing. Results showed that neonatal isolation induces autistic-like behaviors and leads to overexpression of NMDAR1 and Nox2-gp91phox proteins and elevation of catalase activity in the CPu regions of the adult offspring compared with control group. Chronic optogenetic stimulation of ACC neurons containing (ChR2+) led to significant reduction in the appearance of stereotypical behavior and alien-phobia in MD rats. The amount of NMDAR1 and Nox2-gp91phox expression and the catalase activity in CPu were reduced after this treatment. Therefore, autistic-like behavior seems to be related with elevation of NMDAR1 and Nox2-gp91phox protein levels that enhance the effect of glutamatergic projection on CPu regions. Optogenetic treatment also could ameliorate behavioral deficits by modulating these protein densities.
关键词： Caudate putamen,Anterior cingulate cortex,Neonatal isolation,Autistic-like behavior,Optogenetic treatment,NMDA receptor
更新于2025-11-25 10:30:42
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Spectroscopy Used as a Tool to Evaluate Hair Damage and Protection
摘要： OBJECTIVE: Methods that can be used to analyze hair damage and to support a claim of hair protection are important for the cosmetic industry. There are many approaches available, but they are usually laborious and expensive. The researchers propose a simple fluorescence method that is based upon the emissive properties of damaged hair. METHODS: Hair fluorescence was observed when using both fluorimetry and microscopic procedures. The method was developed by comparing native hair with hair that was damaged by UVA and visible light. RESULTS: Spectroscopic properties (absorption and emission) of hair in the visible range are presented. The changes in the emissive properties of hair during irradiation were characterized and they were correlated with photobleaching, which is due to the generation of singlet oxygen. Emissions were also obtained in the hair shafts that had been previously treated with chamomile extract and this treatment was able to avoid hair bleaching. CONCLUSION: The emissive properties of hair in the visible range can be used as a tool for the evaluation of hair damage and protection. This method can be useful as a tool in order to claim
关键词： Hair treatment,singlet oxygen,spectroscopy,claim substantiation,fluorescence,visible
更新于2025-11-21 11:24:58
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Eu-doped layered yttrium hydroxides sensitized by series of benzenedicarboxylate and sulphobenzoate anions
摘要： A number of Eu-doped layered yttrium hydroxides intercalated with various benzenedicarboxylate (phthalate, isophthalate and terephthalate) and sulphobenzoate (2-, 3- and 4-sulphobenzoate) anions was obtained using hydrothermal microwave (HTMW) treatment. For the first time, phthalate, isophthalate and sulphobenzoate anions were intercalated into layered rare-earth hydroxides (LRHs). Two approaches to the synthesis of intercalated layered yttrium hydroxides were used: ion exchange reactions and homogeneous hydrolysis of rare-earth cations in the presence of the intercalated anion. Ion-exchange reactions between layered rare-earth hydroxides and a series of benzenedicarboxylic and sulphobenzoic acid salts were performed under conditions of HTMW treatment, which significantly increased the rate of intercalation. The structure of the first representative of layered rare-earth hydroxides intercalated with sulphobenzoate-type anions, namely layered yttrium hydroxide intercalated with 4-sulphobenzoate of composition Y3(OH)7(C7H4O5S)·H2O, was solved. Intercalation of benzenedicarboxylate and sulphobenzoate anions into Eu-doped layered yttrium hydroxides led to a substantial sensitization of Eu3+ luminescence. The local symmetry of Eu3+ was greatly decreased by intercalation of benzenedicarboxylate and sulphobenzoate anions.
关键词： Layered rare-earth hydroxides,anion exchange,LRH,hydrothermal microwave treatment,luminescence,hybrid materials
更新于2025-11-21 11:20:42
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Microstructure modelling of laser metal powder directed energy deposition of Alloy 718
摘要： A multi-component and multi-phase-field modelling approach, combined with transformation kinetics modelling, was used to model microstructure evolution during laser metal powder directed energy deposition of Alloy 718 and subsequent heat treatments. Experimental temperature measurements were utilised to predict microstructural evolution during successive addition of layers. Segregation of alloying elements as well as formation of Laves and δ phase was specifically modelled. The predicted elemental concentrations were then used in transformation kinetics to estimate changes in Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) and Time Temperature Transformation (TTT) diagrams for Alloy 718. Modelling results showed good agreement with experimentally observed phase evolution within the microstructure. The results indicate that the approach can be a valuable tool, both for improving process understanding and for process development including subsequent heat treatment.
关键词： Modelling,Heat Treatment,Phase-field,Thermal Cycle,DED
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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Effects of Platform Pre-Heating and Thermal-Treatment Strategies on Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting
摘要： The AlSi10Mg alloy was processed by selective laser melting using both hot- and cold-build platforms. The investigation was aimed at defining suitable platform pre-heating and post-process thermal treatment strategies, taking into consideration the peculiar microstructures generated. Microstructural analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, and high-resolution diffraction from synchrotron radiation, showed that in the cold platform as-built condition, the amount of supersaturated Si was higher than in hot platform samples. The best hardness and tensile performance were achieved upon direct aging from cold platform-printed alloys. The hot platform strategy led to a loss in the aging response, since the long processing times spent at high temperature induced a substantial overaging effect, already in the as-built samples. Finally, the standard T6 temper consisting of post-process solution annealing followed by artificial aging, resulted in higher ductility but lower mechanical strength.
关键词： processing temperature,AlSi10Mg alloy,aging treatment,selective laser melting
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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Conductive treatment of Piezoelectric Composite Material by low-temperature adhesion comparing with ion sputtering
摘要： The surface conductive treatment is an essential step for piezoelectric composite material being application, but until now there are many issues remain to be solved. A conductive adhesion with low curable temperature, low resistivity and high welding spot adhesion strength was obtained for the conductive treatment of piezoelectric composite material. The welding spot adhesion strength was defined at first time. The conductive and adhesion properties were studied comparing with samples treated by ion sputtering. The conductive adhesive with curing agent of EDA has the lowest resistivity of 1.973× 10-4 Ω·cm and the highest welding spot adhesion strength of 7.93MPa.
关键词： Surface conductive treatment,Silver compounds,Adhesive,Piezoelectric Composites
更新于2025-11-21 11:18:25
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Laser‐Assisted Strain Engineering of Thin Elastomer Films to Form Variable Wavy Substrates for Cell Culture
摘要： Endothelial and epithelial cells usually grow on a curved environment, at the surface of organs, which many techniques have tried to reproduce. Here a simple method is proposed to control curvature of the substrate. Prestrained thin elastomer films are treated by infrared laser irradiation in order to rigidify the surface of the film. Wrinkled morphologies are produced upon stress relaxation for irradiation doses above a critical value. Wrinkle wavelength and depth are controlled by the prestrain, the laser power, and the speed at which the laser scans the film surface. Stretching of elastomer substrates with a “sand clock”-width profile enables the generation of a stress gradient, which results in patterns of wrinkles with a depth gradient. Thus, different combinations of topography changes on the same substrate can be generated. The wavelength and the depth of the wrinkles, which have the characteristic values within a range of several tens of μm, can be dynamically regulated by the substrate reversible stretching. It is shown that these anisotropic features are efficient substrates to control polarization of cell shapes and orientation of their migration. With this approach a flexible tool is provided for a wide range of applications in cell biophysics studies.
关键词： cell curvotaxis,laser treatment,curvature,dynamic substrates,strain engineering
更新于2025-11-21 11:08:12
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Differential photothermal and photodynamic performance behaviors of gold nanorods, nanoshells and nanocages under identical energy conditions
摘要： Various gold (Au) nanostructures have shown promising near infrared (NIR) light-activated phototherapeutic effects; however, their reported photothermal or photodynamic performance behavior is usually inconsistent or even conflicted, dramatically limiting the improvement of phototherapeutic Au nanostructures. The potential reason for this uncertainty is mainly because the photoactivities of Au nanostructures are not evaluated under identical energy conditions. Herein, three Au nanostructures, Au nanorods (NRs), nanoshells (NSs), and nanocages (NCs), were prepared to provide the same localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks at 808 nm. All these Au nanostructures (at the same optical density) could fully exert their photoactivities under the identical and optimal energy condition of 808 nm laser irradiation. It was found that these Au nanostructures could induce similar levels of temperature elevation but different levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, where Au NCs exhibited the highest ROS production, followed by Au NSs and NRs. In vitro and in vivo phototherapeutic assessments further supported that Au NCs could cause the most severe cell death and tumor growth regression. This means that the identical incident energy has different contribution to photothermal and photodynamic performance of Au nanostructures, and the corner angle structures of Au NCs compared with NSs and NCs could more efficiently convert the photon energy into photodynamic property. Taken all together, Au NCs hold great potential for phototherapy due to their efficient energy utilization capability.
关键词： reactive oxygen species,photodynamic therapy,gold nanostructures,photothermal therapy,cancer treatment
更新于2025-11-21 11:08:12
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UV-ozone induced surface passivation to enhance the performance of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells
摘要： Interface property has been considered one of the most critical factors affecting the performance of semiconductor devices. In this work, we demonstrate an efficient surface passivation for the interface between Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and CdS buffer layer by using UV-ozone treatment at room temperature. The passivation led to a significant enhancement of short circuit current density (Jsc) of the device from 11.70 mA/cm2 to 18.34 mA/cm2 and thus efficiency of the CZTS solar cells from 3.18% to 5.55%. The study of surface chemistry has revealed that the UV-ozone exposure led to formation of a Sn–O rich surface on CZTS, which passivates the dangling bonds and forms an ultra-thin energy barrier layer at the interface of CZTS/CdS. The barrier is considered to be responsible for the reduction of non-radiative recombination loss in the solar cells as confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) measurement. The elongated lifetime of minority carriers in the CZTS solar cells by time-resolved PL has further verified the interface passivation effect induced by UV-ozone treatment. This work provides a fast, simple yet very effective approach for surface passivation of CZTS film to boost the performance of CZTS solar cells.
关键词： CZTS solar cell,UV-Ozone treatment,Interface modification,Surface passivation
更新于2025-11-21 11:01:37
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Defect-assisted symmetric cleavage of naphthalene sulphonic acid group in azo dyes using β-In2S3 quantum dots as visible light photocatalyst
摘要： Naphthalene sulfonic acid, which is used in the synthesis of azo dye pigments, rubber processing chemicals and pharmaceuticals, is a carcinogenic substance that pollutes water bodies. In this work, we report on the visible light-driven symmetric cleavage of naphthalene sulfonic acid group, present in methyl orange dye and its conversion into the intermediate compounds. These compounds further degrade to inorganic ions such as carbon-di-oxide, nitrates, sulfates, water, and chlorine. Complete degradation of the dye, under visible light irradiation, is attained using β-In2S3 quantum dots as photocatalyst. During homogenous precipitation process, the β-In2S3 quantum dots (~ 9 nm) self-assemble to form microflowers (~ 50 nm) with high surface-to-volume ratio. These quantum dots exhibit size-dependent, active F2g, Eg and Ag1 Raman modes with peaks at ~ 150 cm?1 (In–In stretching mode), 219 cm?1 (In–S bending mode) and 300 cm?1, corresponding to the vibrational modes of cubic phase β-In2S3. The cubic phase β-In2S3 quantum dots are photoactive under visible light exposure and releases highly oxidizing OH· radicals. They have strong band-to-band emission in ultraviolet region (~ 380 nm) and exhibit broad band defect emission with maxima at blue (~ 484 nm), green (~ 580 nm) and red (~ 600 nm) region of electromagnetic spectrum. The emission intensity from these defect energy bands, which are due to sulfur vacancy, indium interstitials and oxygen incorporation, are tuned by varying the In-to-S ratio in the sample. These defects enhance their visible light absorption coefficient and assist in improving the photocatalytic efficiency of the cubic phase β-In2S3 quantum dots. Thus, defect-assisted complete (100%) photodegradation of the azo dye is achieved using cubic β-In2S3 quantum dots with low In-to-S ratio (1:1), low mass of 20 mg and minimum irradiation time (30 min). These photocatalysts can be reused 4 times under 30-min visible light irradiation. Cubic β-In2S3 quantum dots-microflowers is a highly efficient, ecofriendly photocatalyst, which even in very low concentration can remove toxicity from the dye-contaminated water, by exposure to direct sunlight for 30 min.
关键词： Indium sulphide,Defect emission,photocatalysis,Water treatment
更新于2025-11-19 16:56:42