研究目的
To investigate the impact of annealing temperature on the formation of hydrated perovskite and the water effect on different types of perovskites, aiming to elucidate the conditions for the formation of hydrated perovskite and contribute to the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells.
研究成果
The study demonstrates that 60 ℃ is the most favorable temperature for the formation of hydrate phase, leading to enhanced crystallinity and a more uniform morphology in the resulting perovskite films. This contributes to the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with high efficiency and good reproducibility. Moreover, the water effects are mainly determined by the cations of the perovskite itself, suggesting that further theoretical and experimental studies should be carried out to verify the assumption that water effects are only applicable to perovskite which contains plenty of N-bound hydrogen (HN) atoms.
研究不足
The study focuses on the impact of annealing temperature and water content on the formation of hydrated perovskite and its effect on device performance. However, the underlying mechanisms of water interaction with perovskite cations and the long-term stability of the devices under operational conditions are not fully explored.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A two-step annealing method was developed to study the water effect on different kinds of perovskites. The first annealing (1-A) stage varied from 40 to 100 ℃, and the second annealing (2-A) stage was at 120 ℃ for 10 min.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Conventional FA
3：85MA15PbI55Br45 double cation based perovskite was adopted as the model system. Water was directly added to the perovskite precursor, and the content was controlled at 2% (volume ratio). List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis absorption spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and photovoltaic performance measurements were conducted.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The perovskites were deposited using a two-step annealing method, and the phase, morphology, crystallinity as well as optical properties were systematically analyzed.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
The crystalline structure of the perovskites was evaluated using XRD. The composition of hydrated perovskite was estimated by calculating the area of the two peaks in XPS spectra. The morphology was studied by SEM and AFM. The photovoltaic performance was measured using a solar simulator.
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Guanidinium iodide
GAI
Sigma-Aldrich
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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N,N-Dimethylformamide
DMF
Sigma-Aldrich
Used as a solvent in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Dimethyl sulfoxide
DMSO
Sigma-Aldrich
Used as a solvent in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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X-ray diffractometer
Bruker Advanced D8
Bruker
Used for obtaining the XRD patterns of the perovskite films.
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UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy
Shimadzu UV-3600
Shimadzu
Used for collecting the absorbance spectra of the perovskite films.
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Field-emission scanning electron microscopy
JEOL 7100F
JEOL
Used for studying the surface morphology of the perovskite films.
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Atomic force microscope
Bruker Dimension Icon
Bruker
Used for studying the surface morphology of the perovskite films.
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Lead iodide
PbI2
Sigma-Aldrich
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Lead bromide
PbBr2
Sigma-Aldrich
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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SnO2 colloid
Alfa Aesar
Used as the electron transport layer in the device fabrication.
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Methylammonium iodide
MAI
Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Methylammonium bromide
MABr
Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Cesium bromide
CsBr
Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Formamidinium iodide
FAI
Dyesol Ltd.
Used in the preparation of perovskite precursor solution.
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Chlorobenzene
Sigma-Aldrich
Used in the preparation of Spiro-OMeTAD layer.
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Solar simulator
Newport Oriel Sol 3A Class AAA
Newport
Used for measuring the current density-voltage (J-V) curves of the devices.
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
PHI Model 5802
PHI
Used for analyzing the chemical environments of the films.
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