1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

Nd3+ ion doped lithium aluminium phosphate (LAP:Nd) glasses were synthesized by melt quenching technique with varying concentrations of Nd2O3. The density and refractive index were measured at room temperature. Optical and luminescence properties were studied through absorption and NIR emission spectra.

2：The density and refractive index were measured at room temperature. Optical and luminescence properties were studied through absorption and NIR emission spectra. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Glass samples with composition 15Li2O : 20Al2O3 : (65-x)P2O5 : xNd2O3 (where x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mol%) were prepared.

3：00, 05, 10, 50, 00 and 00 mol%) were prepared. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Density was measured using Archimedes' method with a microbalance (AND, HR 200). Refractive index was recorded by Abbe refractometer (ATAGO). Absorption spectra were measured by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-3600). Emission spectra were measured by spectrofluorometer (QuantaMaster300, Photon Technology International).

4：0). Refractive index was recorded by Abbe refractometer (ATAGO). Absorption spectra were measured by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-3600). Emission spectra were measured by spectrofluorometer (QuantaMaster300, Photon Technology International). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Glasses were melted at 1200 °C for 3 h and annealed at 500 °C for 3 h. Samples were cut and polished for measurements.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Judd-Ofelt analysis was used to calculate radiative transition probabilities, stimulated emission cross-sections, and branching ratios.