研究目的
To develop an electro-analytical method for the determination of thiomersal in influenza vaccines using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a surface modifier of a glassy carbon electrode, exploring the synergistic effect between GQDs, visible radiation, and applied potential.
研究成果
The proposed method allows for the sensitive indirect determination of thiomersal using GQDs as a modifier of a GC electrode, combining light exposure with applied potential to enhance the analytical signal. The method was successfully applied for thiomersal determination in vaccines, demonstrating its usefulness for quality control with a linear range from 3.0 μmol L-1 to 32 μmol L-1 and a detection limit of 0.9 m mol L-1.
研究不足
The method's sensitivity may be limited by the natural degradation of thiomersal into Hg2+, and the efficiency of light exposure in promoting thiomersal degradation when GQDs are immobilized on the electrode surface. The analysis time could be increased with a larger number of voltammetric cycles.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The method involves square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a GQDs-modified glassy carbon electrode (GC/GQDs). The synergistic effect between GQDs, visible radiation, and applied potential was explored to enhance the Hg oxidation peak.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Thiomersal solutions and influenza vaccines were used as samples. The vaccines were fortified with thiomersal for analysis.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Potentiostat μ-AUTOLAB Type III, glassy carbon electrode modified with GQDs, saturated Ag|AgCl(KCl(sat)) reference electrode, Pt wire auxiliary electrode, photochemical reactor, and various chemicals including thiomersal, thiosalicylic acid, and ethylmercury.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The GC electrode was modified with GQDs, and voltammetric measurements were performed under different conditions (with and without light exposure, varying pH, etc.). The electrochemical behavior of thiomersal was studied, and the method was applied to vaccine samples.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
The analytical performance was evaluated based on the linear dynamic range, detection limit, and recovery rates. Statistical analysis was performed to compare results obtained by the proposed method and cold vapor-AAS.
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potentiostat μ-AUTOLAB Type III
Type III
Metrohm
Used for voltammetric experiments in square-wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry modes.
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carbon analyzer
TOC-VCPN
Shimadzu
Used for total carbon measurements.
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luminescence spectrometer
LS 55
Perkin-Elmer
Used for photoluminescence measurements.
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field emission scanning electron microscope
JSM-7800F
JEOL
Used for imaging GQDs.
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confocal Raman microscope
WITec Alpha 300R
WITec
Used for Raman spectroscopy.
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mercury cold vapor dedicated system
RA-915
LUMEX
Used for mercury measurements by atomic absorption spectrometry.
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nanoparticle analyzer
SZ-100
Horiba
Used for dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential measurements.
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drop shape analyzer
Kruss Advance
Kruss
Used for contact angle measurements.
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pHmeter
mPA 210
Tecnopon
Used for pH measurements.
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ultrasonic bath
NSC 2800
Unique
Used for ultrasonic agitation.
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water purifier
Milli-Q Gradient System A10
Millipore
Used for preparing ultrapure water.
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