1：Experimental Design and Method Selection

The study employed a facile St?ber method to fabricate silica nanoparticles (SiO2 UCNPs) with up-conversion luminescence. The methodology included the synthesis of organic triplet sensitizer and acceptor, their loading into silica nanoparticles, and the evaluation of their photoluminescence properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources

HeLa cells were used as the biological model to test the ability of SiO2 UCNPs to discriminate between live and apoptotic cells. Data were acquired through fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials

Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), benzaldehyde, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, perylene, dichloromethane, ethanol, and other chemicals were used. Equipment included a Bruker AVANCE 400 spectrometer, Hitachi S-4800 SEM, Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer, and Nikon A1MP confocal microscope.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow

The synthesis involved the preparation of silica nanoparticles via the St?ber process, loading of dyes into the nanoparticles, and their application in cell imaging. Cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide to induce apoptosis and then incubated with SiO2 UCNPs for fluorescence imaging.

5：Data Analysis Methods

Fluorescence spectra were analyzed to determine the efficiency of energy transfer and up-conversion luminescence. Confocal microscopy images were used to assess the specificity of SiO2 UCNPs for apoptotic cells.