1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study uses free-radical miniemulsion polymerization to synthesize functionalized polystyrene nanocapsules containing upconversion dyes. Inorganic materials (Laponite RD, hydroxyapatite, cerium(IV) oxide) are deposited via layer-by-layer deposition or in situ crystallization methods to protect the nanocapsules from oxygen.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples include amino-functionalized (PS1, PS3) and carboxylate-functionalized (PS2, PS5, PS6) polystyrene nanocapsules with specific surfactants and comonomers. Dyes used are PdOEP (sensitizer) and perylene (emitter) dissolved in hexadecane.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes Branson Digital Sonifier 450-D for ultrasonication, Nicomp 380 PSS particle sizer for DLS, Jeol 1400 and LEO Gemini 1530 microscopes for TEM and SEM, Mettler Toledo TGA-851 for TGA, Philips PW 1820 diffractometer for XRD, and a home-made fluorescence setup with a DPSS laser. Materials include styrene, acrylic acid, AEMH, CTAB, SDS, V59 initiator, Laponite RD, calcium nitrate, cerium nitrate, ammonia, etc.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Nanocapsules are synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. For inorganic deposition, Laponite RD is added and pH adjusted for layer-by-layer; hydroxyapatite and ceria are crystallized in situ by adding precipitating agents. Characterization involves DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX, TGA, XRD, and fluorescence measurements.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Particle size is measured by DLS, inorganic content by TGA, crystalline phases by XRD, and fluorescence properties are analyzed using emission spectra to assess upconversion efficiency enhancements.