研究目的
To develop a novel optical sensor for sensitive and selective detection of catecholamines using upconversion nanoparticles decorated with metal ions.
研究成果
The developed sensor based on UCNPs decorated with metal ions provides a highly selective and sensitive method for detecting catecholamines, with low LODs and good applicability to human urine samples, showing potential for practical biomedical applications.
研究不足
The method may have limitations in the presence of other interfering substances in complex biological matrices, and the stability of the sensor over long periods needs further optimization. The use of specific metal ions might not be applicable to all catecholamines or other analytes.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study uses a solvothermal method to synthesize NaLuGdF4:Yb3+/Er3+ UCNPs with 1,2-ethanedithiol as a surface additive. Metal ions (Fe3+, Cu2+, Li+) are used to decorate the UCNPs for selective detection of catecholamines via fluorescence quenching.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) are used as analytes. Human urine samples are collected from healthy volunteers and treated with acetonitrile to remove proteins.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment includes an autoclave, centrifuge, X-ray diffractometer (X'Pert PW3040/00, PANalytical), FE-TEM (JEM 2100 F, Japan), FE-SEM (CZ/MIRA I LMH, Tescan), FT-IR spectrometer (Nicolet iS10, Thermo Fisher Scientific), fluorescence spectrophotometer (Acton Spectra Pro 750-Triplet Grating Monochromator with CCD detection), and a 980 nm laser diode. Materials include NaCl, RECl3 (Lu:Gd:Yb:Er = 68:12:18:2), 1,2-ethanedithiol, ethylene glycol, NH4F, PBS buffer, and various metal ions.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
UCNPs are synthesized at 200°C for 12 h, washed, and dispersed in PBS. Metal ion solutions are added to UCNPs and shaken for 2 h. Analyte solutions are mixed and incubated for 60 min before UCL measurement. Urine samples are treated with acetonitrile, centrifuged, and diluted before analysis.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
UCL spectra are recorded, and quenching effects are analyzed using Stern-Volmer plots. LODs are calculated based on 3σ/m, and recoveries are determined for spiked samples.
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X-ray diffractometer
X'Pert PW3040/00
PANalytical
To investigate the crystal structures of the UCNPs
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Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
Nicolet iS10
Thermo Fisher Scientific
To obtain FT-IR spectra of the UCNPs
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Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope
JEM 2100 F
Japan
To determine the morphology of the UCNPs
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Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
CZ/MIRA I LMH
Tescan
To determine the morphology of the UCNPs and for EDS analysis
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Fluorescence spectrophotometer
Acton Spectra Pro 750-Triplet Grating Monochromator
To record UCL emission spectra with CCD detection
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Laser diode
Excitation source for UCL measurements
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