1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employs a facile homogeneous precipitation process for synthesis, followed by detailed characterization using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, UV-Vis, PL, PC, and EIS to investigate structural, morphological, and optical properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Samples include bare ZnO, CDs/ZnO, Tourmaline@ZnO, and CDs/Tourmaline@ZnO, synthesized using zinc nitrate hexahydrate, urea, surfactants, Tourmaline powders, and p-phenylenediamine with urea for CDs. Deionized water is used throughout.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes ultrasonic cleaner, autoclave, centrifuge, dialysis setup, XRD (D/max-111C), FTIR (Nicolet Nexus 670), SEM (Hitachi S-4800), HRTEM (TF20), BET (Hitachi F-4600), fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi F-4600), UV-Vis (Hitachi U-3900H), electrochemical analyzer (Chenhua CHI 660E), and photochemical reactions instrument (ZL-GXH-V). Materials include zinc nitrate hexahydrate, urea, Tourmaline powders, p-phenylenediamine, ethanol, and methyl orange.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Synthesis involves dissolving reagents, ultrasonic treatment, heating, cooling, rinsing, drying, and annealing. CDs are synthesized hydrothermally, and composites are prepared by mixing and stirring. Characterization steps involve specific instrument operations, and photocatalytic activity is measured by dispersing catalysts in MO solution, stirring in dark, irradiating with Xenon lamp, and analyzing aliquots with UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data analysis includes XRD pattern interpretation, FTIR peak assignment, BET for surface area, PL for recombination degree, UV-Vis for absorption, PC and EIS for charge transfer properties, and kinetic analysis using pseudo-first-order model for degradation rates.