研究目的
To evaluate the emissivity of molten tin sulfide (SnS) and estimate its radiative thermal conductivity to understand its role in heat transfer mechanisms at high temperatures.
研究成果
The emissivity of molten SnS is low (0.15–0.45), indicating it is an intermediate absorber. Radiative thermal conductivity is estimated to be minor (upper bound of 0.33 W m?1 K?1), decreasing with temperature, and is not a primary heat transfer mechanism for molten SnS. The method provides a pathway to estimate band gaps in molten semiconductors.
研究不足
The refractive index of molten SnS was not measured directly but extrapolated from solid-state data, introducing potential inaccuracies. High vapor pressure of molten SnS caused measurement difficulties at elevated temperatures. The experimental setup had constraints in temperature control and optical access.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
A container-less method using a floating zone furnace was employed to investigate the optical emission properties of molten SnS. The method leverages Kirchhoff's law to relate emissivity to absorption, with graphite used as a calibration material due to its known emissivity.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Molten SnS samples were prepared from elemental sulfur and tin, reacted and melted to form rods. Graphite was used for calibration.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Floating zone furnace (Model TX-12000-I-MIT-VPO-PC, Crystal Systems Corp.), UV–vis spectrophotometer (USB 2000+, OceanOptics), near-IR spectrophotometer (NIRQuest256-2.1, OceanOptics), Xe lamps, argon gas (UHP 300, Airgas), graphite rods (EC-15 ultrafine grain, Tokai Carbon), calcium fluoride lens (LB5284, Thorlabs), sapphire viewport (SS-2WC-1-50, AdValue Technology), mullite shutters, quartz tube, thermocouples.
4：1, OceanOptics), Xe lamps, argon gas (UHP 300, Airgas), graphite rods (EC-15 ultrafine grain, Tokai Carbon), calcium fluoride lens (LB5284, Thorlabs), sapphire viewport (SS-2WC-1-50, AdValue Technology), mullite shutters, quartz tube, thermocouples. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: SnS rods were mounted in the furnace, melted to form pendant droplets, and emission spectra were measured with spectrophotometers after turning off Xe lamps to avoid interference. Temperature was estimated from power calibration.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
Emissivity was calculated using the ratio of SnS emission to graphite emission, and radiative thermal conductivity was estimated using theoretical equations involving refractive index and absorption coefficient.
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UV–vis Spectrophotometer
USB 2000+
OceanOptics
Measures emission spectra in the UV–visible range (200–850 nm).
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Near-IR Spectrophotometer
NIRQuest256-2.1
OceanOptics
Measures emission spectra in the near-IR range (900–2050 nm).
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Calcium Fluoride Lens
LB5284
Thorlabs
Focuses light emission from the sample to the optical fiber.
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Floating Zone Furnace
TX-12000-I-MIT-VPO-PC
Crystal Systems Corp.
Used as a container-less method to stabilize and melt SnS samples for optical emission measurements.
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Argon Gas
UHP 300
Airgas
Provides inert atmosphere to prevent contamination during experiments.
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Graphite Rod
EC-15 ultrafine grain
Tokai Carbon
Used for calibration and sample preparation.
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Sapphire Viewport
SS-2WC-1-50
AdValue Technology
Provides optical access for spectroscopy measurements.
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Thermocouple
Type-K
Omega
Measures temperature for calibration purposes.
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