1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a three-electrode electrochemical cell with vertical electrode placement to investigate the effect of natural convection flow on CIGS thin film growth. A non-conducting hemisphere was placed on the working electrode to create local hydrodynamic conditions. The electrodeposition was performed at a constant potential of -1.0 V versus the reference electrode without stirring.

2：0 V versus the reference electrode without stirring. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: The working electrode was a Mo-coated glass substrate with a thickness of 1 μm and resistivity of 8×10^{-4} Ω·cm. The counter and reference electrodes were made of platinum mesh. The electrolytic bath contained specific concentrations of CuCl2·2H2O, InCl3, GaCl3, H2SeO3, and LiCl in a pH 3 buffer solution.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Electrochemical cell with three electrodes, Mo-coated glass substrate, platinum mesh electrodes, polyvinyl acetate hemispheres (white glue), salts for electrolyte preparation, Hitachi SU1510 scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) complement.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

Hemispheres were attached to the working electrode and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Electrodeposition was conducted at room temperature. After deposition, film morphology and composition were analyzed using SEM and EDX at various positions relative to the hemisphere.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

EDX was used to measure atomic composition with specific emission lines. Data were analyzed to relate composition changes to hydrodynamic conditions and current density, with polynomial fitting for gallium incorporation.