研究目的
To investigate how Resonant-Tunnelling Diodes (RTDs) can be used to form a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) by translating their unique current-voltage spectrum into a robust digital representation.
研究成果
RTDs are a viable building block for PUFs, offering unique and stable digital outputs derived from their I-V spectra. The current axis provides better performance than the voltage axis in terms of distinguishability and error rates. Future work should focus on integrating measurement circuitry and analyzing larger device sets.
研究不足
The study used prototype devices without integrated peak-finding circuitry, requiring manual spectrum sweeping and software-based analysis, which may not be practical for real-world applications. Only 130 devices were analyzed, and the digitization method extracts only one bit per device, necessitating concatenation for practical PUF use. Temperature effects and integration with CMOS processes were discussed but not fully tested.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study involved manufacturing and measuring 130 RTDs to analyze their I-V spectra. The digitization process involved dividing the voltage and current axes into 2 bins using a threshold to extract a single bit per device. Peak finding was done by fitting the I-V spectrum to an analytical expression for current density.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
130 newly manufactured RTDs were used, with each device subjected to multiple measurements (10 low-resolution and 50 high-resolution sweeps).
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
RTDs fabricated from InGaAs and AlAs on an InP substrate with gold contacts, using molecular beam epitaxy, optical lithography, thermal evaporation, reactive ion etching, and wet etching.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
For each RTD, I-V spectra were measured by sweeping voltage from 0V to 0.5V with 5mV resolution (low-res) and in a 0.05V range around the peak with 0.5mV resolution (high-res). Peak positions were determined using a least squares fit to a theoretical model.
5：5V with 5mV resolution (low-res) and in a 05V range around the peak with 5mV resolution (high-res). Peak positions were determined using a least squares fit to a theoretical model.
Data Analysis Methods:
5. Data Analysis Methods: Statistical analysis included Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for normality, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for pairwise comparisons, min-entropy calculation, and error rate analysis to evaluate randomness, stability, and robustness of the digital outputs.
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