研究目的
To fabricate a rapidly-responding humidity sensor with high sensitivity and wide detection range based on lossy mode resonance using a nanostructured polyethylenimine and graphene oxide coating.
研究成果
The fabricated sensor exhibits high sensitivity, wide detection range, excellent hysteresis (1.1%), fast response time (160 ms), and recovery time (262 ms). It is effective for humidity sensing and breathing monitoring, with performance improvements over existing sensors. The use of GO in the coating is novel for LMR-based sensors.
研究不足
The sensor's sensitivity is not constant over the entire RH range, with lower sensitivity at lower RH levels. Potential limitations include the dependence on specific material properties and environmental conditions, and the need for controlled deposition processes to ensure film quality.
1:Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study uses a lossy mode resonance (LMR) based optical fiber sensor with a SnO2 sputtered coating as the LMR-supporting layer and a PEI/GO multilayer as the sensitive coating. Dip-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is employed for thin film deposition due to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and coating uniformity.
2:Sample Selection and Data Sources:
A multimode optical fiber (FT200EMT from Thorlabs, Inc.) with a 200 μm core is used. Materials include polyethylenimine (PEI) solution from Sigma Aldrich and graphene oxide (GO) powder from Graphenea S.A.
3:List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment includes a sputter coater (K675XD from Quantum Technologies), cleaver (NorthLab ProCleave LD II), fusion splicer (Fitel S178A), white light source (HL2000 from Oceanoptics Inc.), spectrometer (Oceanoptics USB2000), environmental chamber (Binder KMF 115), XPS system (Thermo Scientific K-Alpha), FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet stepscan with diamond ATR), SEM (FEI NanoSEM 450 FEG), and stylus profiler (DektakXT from Bruker). Materials include PEI, GO, SnO2, KOH, HCl, NaOH, and deionized water.
4:Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The fiber cladding is thermally removed, and the core is cleaned. SnO2 is sputtered onto the core. A 2 cm fiber fragment is cleaved and spliced to pigtails. PEI and GO solutions are prepared and used for LbL deposition with 5 bilayers (5 minutes immersion each, with rinsing and drying). The sensor is characterized in an environmental chamber with RH varied from 20% to 90% at 20°C, and dynamic responses are measured for breathing monitoring.
5:Data Analysis Methods:
Spectra are collected using a spectrometer, and a MatLab routine is used to fit polynomial curves to LMR peaks to determine wavelength shifts. Sensitivity, hysteresis, response times, and other parameters are calculated from the data.
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optical fiber
FT200EMT
Thorlabs, Inc.
Used as the core component of the sensor for light transmission and sensing.
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fusion splicer
Fitel S178A
Fitel
Used to splice the optical fiber to pigtails.
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white light source
HL2000
Oceanoptics Inc.
Used to couple light into the sensing device.
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spectrometer
USB2000
Oceanoptics
Used to collect transmitted spectra from the sensor.
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X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
Thermo Scientific K-Alpha
Thermo Scientific
Used to characterize the surface chemistry of graphene oxide.
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scanning electron microscope
FEI NanoSEM 450 FEG
FEI
Used to acquire images of the coated fiber cross-section and surface structure.
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stylus profiler
DektakXT
Bruker
Used to measure the thickness of the coatings.
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sputter coater
K675XD
Quantum Technologies
Used to deposit SnO2 coating onto the optical fiber core.
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cleaver
NorthLab ProCleave LD II
NorthLab
Used to cleave the optical fiber perpendicularly.
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environmental chamber
Binder KMF 115
Binder
Used to vary and control relative humidity for sensor characterization.
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FTIR spectrometer
Nicolet stepscan
Nicolet
Used to record FT-IR absorption spectra of materials.
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