1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The experiment involved surface alloying of commercially pure A7 aluminum with commercially pure titanium using a single vacuum cycle that combined vacuum arc evaporation and deposition of a Ti film followed by intense pulsed electron beam irradiation. This was performed on COMPLEX equipment under unified vacuum conditions to achieve liquid phase mixing and structure modification.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The substrate material was commercially pure A7 aluminum with specified composition (0.16 Fe, 0.15 Si, 0.01 Cu, 0.04 Zn, 0.01 Ti, balance Al, wt%). Ti films of 0.5 μm and 1 μm thickness were deposited.

3：16 Fe, 15 Si, 01 Cu, 04 Zn, 01 Ti, balance Al, wt%). Ti films of 5 μm and 1 μm thickness were deposited. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a plasma-cathode pulsed electron source (parameters: 17 keV, 10–20 J/cm2, 50 μs, 0.3 Hz, 3–100 pulses), Philips SEM515 microscope, EDAX ECON IV microanalyzer, XRD 6000 diffractometer, JEOL JEM 2100F transmission electron microscope, PMT-3 hardness tester, NHT-S-AX-000X NANO Hardness Tester, and TRIBOtechnic wear tester. Materials included commercially pure A7 aluminum and commercially pure titanium.

4：3 Hz, 3–100 pulses), Philips SEM515 microscope, EDAX ECON IV microanalyzer, XRD 6000 diffractometer, JEOL JEM 2100F transmission electron microscope, PMT-3 hardness tester, NHT-S-AX-000X NANO Hardness Tester, and TRIBOtechnic wear tester. Materials included commercially pure A7 aluminum and commercially pure titanium. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The process involved depositing Ti films via vacuum arc evaporation, followed by electron beam irradiation with varying energy densities and pulse numbers. Surface morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and properties were analyzed using SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM, hardness testing, and wear resistance testing.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis for elemental composition, X-ray diffraction for phase identification, transmission electron microscopy for structure analysis, and statistical methods for hardness and wear resistance measurements.