1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study used a chemical bath deposition method to prepare nanocrystalline SnxCd1?xS thin films on glass substrates, with thioglycerol and methanol as capping agents. The method involved controlling parameters such as pH, temperature, and stirring to achieve desired film properties.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Glass slides (24 mm x 75 mm) were used as substrates, cleaned with nitric acid and distilled water. Solutions were prepared using hydrated stannous chloride, anhydrous cadmium acetate, thiourea, triethanolamine (TEA), and capping agents in triple distilled water. Sn doping concentrations varied from 0% to 5%.

3：5%. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included a water bath, homogenizer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Chemito SPECTRASCAN-UV-2600), photoluminescence spectrometer with UV source and photomultiplier tube, X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS D8 Advance), scanning electron microscope (EVO 18), and transmission electron microscope (Joel/JEM 2100). Materials included SnCl2·2H2O, (CH3COO)Cd·2H2O, CS(NH2)2, TEA, thioglycerol, methanol, liquid ammonia, and glass substrates.

4：0). Materials included SnCl2·2H2O, (CH3COO)Cd·2H2O, CS(NH2)2, TEA, thioglycerol, methanol, liquid ammonia, and glass substrates. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Substrates were degreased, cleaned, and dried. Solutions were prepared, pH adjusted to 11 with ammonia, capping agents added, and the mixture stirred and heated to 70°C in a water bath. Films were deposited for 1 hour, washed, and dried. Characterization involved UV-Vis, PL, XRD, SEM, and TEM measurements.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Optical band gap was determined using Tauc plot from transmission data. Particle size and strain were calculated from XRD using Debye-Scherrer and related equations. SEM and TEM images were analyzed for morphology and size.